Czech-PD

# 🇨🇿 Czech Public Domain 🇨🇿

**Czech-Public Domain** or **Czech-PD** is a large collection aiming to aggregate all Czech monographies and periodicals in the public domain. As of March 2024, it is the biggest Czech open corpus.

## Dataset summary
The collection contains 1585 individual titles making up 259,435,959 words recovered from multiple sources, including Internet Archive and various European national libraries and cultural heritage institutions. Each parquet file has the full text of 2,000 books selected at random.

## Curation method
The composition of the dataset adheres to the criteria for public domain works in the EU and, consequently, all Berne-countries for EU authors: any publication whose author is dead for more than 70 years. Additionally, the initial consolidation of public domain status for cultural heritage operates in the EU under the 2019 Copyright Directive (art. 14).

As of March 2024, to limit rights verification, we have retained exclusively titles published prior to 1884.

The corpus will be expanded at a later stage to encompass late 19th century and early 20th century publications, after checking for public domain validity.

## Uses
The collection aims to expand the availability of open works for the training of Large Language Models. The text can be used for model training and republished without restriction for reproducibility purposes.

The rationales for creation of this collection are multifold:

* **Scientific**: We observe that the closure of training corpora represents a major barrier to AI research. Large language models face a real crisis of reproducibility.
* **Legal**: With the adoption of the AI Act with its obligations in terms of copyright law compliance for the pretraining corpora, the European AI ecosystem will have to change its provenance practices.
* **Cultural**: The linguistic diversity of the European Union is currently underrepresented. Unlike web archives, open, heritage, administrative, or scientific texts are often of high quality: they are long, multilingual, and editorialized publications.
* **Economical**: Today, value capture is concentrated on players whose financial resources are already considerable, allowing them to collect or purchase data at a high price. Making a royalty-free corpus available to as many people as possible frees innovation in uses and minimizes economic dependencies on dominant actors.

## License
The entire collection is in the public domain in all regions. This means that the patrimonial rights of each individual or collective right holders have expired.

There has been a debate for years in Europe over the definition of public domain and the possibility to restrict its use. Since 2019, the EU Copyright Directive states that "Member States shall provide that, when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright or related rights, unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation." (art. 14)

## Future work
This dataset is not a one-time work but will continue to evolve significantly in three directions:

* Expansion of the dataset to the late 19th and early 20th century works and its further enhancement with currently unexploited collections coming from European patrimonial data repositories.
* Correction of computer generated errors in the text. All the texts have been transcribed automatically through the use of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The original files have been digitized over a long time period (since the mid-2000s) and some documents should be. Future versions will strive either to re-OCRize the original text or use experimental LLM models for partial OCR correction.
* Enhancement of the structure/editorial presentation of the original text. Some parts of the original documents are likely unwanted for large scale analysis or model training (header, page count…). Additionally, some advanced document structures like tables or multi-column layout are unlikely to be well-formatted.

## Acknowledgements
The corpus was stored and processed with the generous support of Scaleway. It was built up with the support and concerted efforts of the state start-up LANGU:IA (start-up d’Etat), supported by the French Ministry of Culture and DINUM, as part of the prefiguration of the service offering of the Alliance for Language technologies EDIC (ALT-EDIC).

Corpus collection has been largely facilitated thanks to the open science LLM community insights, cooperation and support (Occiglot, Eleuther AI, OpenLLM France, Allen AI).

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>

# 🇨🇿 捷克公有领域数据集 🇨🇿

**捷克公有领域数据集（Czech-PD）** 是一个旨在聚合所有处于公有领域的捷克专著与期刊的大型数据集。截至2024年3月，它已是规模最大的捷克开放语料库。

## 数据集摘要
本数据集包含1585个独立出版物，总词量达259,435,959，数据源自多个渠道，包括互联网档案馆（Internet Archive）以及欧洲多国国家图书馆与文化遗产机构。每个Parquet文件均存储随机选取的2000本图书的完整文本。

## 数据遴选规则
本数据集的构成遵循欧盟公有领域作品标准，进而适用于欧盟作者所属的所有伯尔尼公约成员国：即作者去世超过70年的出版物。此外，欧盟范围内文化遗产作品的公有领域身份认定，依据2019年《版权指令》第14条执行。

截至2024年3月，为简化权利核验流程，我们仅保留1884年之前出版的出版物。后续将在验证公有领域合法性后，扩展语料库范围，纳入19世纪末至20世纪初的出版物。

## 应用场景
本数据集旨在提升可用于大语言模型（Large Language Model, LLM）训练的开放作品可及性。其文本可用于模型训练，且为保障可复现性，可无限制地重新发布。

本数据集的构建初衷兼具多重维度：
- **科研层面**：当前训练语料库的封闭化已成为人工智能研究的重大阻碍，大语言模型正面临切实的可复现性危机。
- **法律层面**：随着《人工智能法案》的通过，预训练语料库需符合版权合规要求，欧洲人工智能生态系统必须改变其数据溯源实践。
- **文化层面**：欧盟的语言多样性目前仍未得到充分体现。与网络档案不同，开放的遗产类、行政类或科研类文本往往具备更高质量：它们篇幅较长、多语言覆盖且经过编辑加工。
- **经济层面**：当前数据价值的获取高度集中于少数财力雄厚的主体，使其能够以高昂成本收集或采购数据。向尽可能多的群体提供免版权使用费的语料库，能够释放应用层面的创新活力，并降低对头部企业的经济依赖。

## 授权许可
本数据集所有内容在全球范围内均属于公有领域，即所有个人或集体权利主体的著作财产权均已过期。

欧洲多年来围绕公有领域的定义以及限制其使用的可能性存在争议。自2019年起，欧盟《版权指令》第14条规定："Member States shall provide that, when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright or related rights, unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation." (art. 14)

## 后续规划
本数据集并非一次性产出，后续将从三个方向持续迭代优化：
1. **语料扩展**：将数据集覆盖范围拓展至19世纪末至20世纪初的作品，并纳入目前尚未利用的欧洲遗产数据仓库中的馆藏资源。
2. **文本纠错**：所有文本均通过光学字符识别（Optical Character Recognition, OCR）软件自动转录生成。原始文件自2000年代中期起历经多年数字化处理，部分文档存在识别误差。未来版本将通过重新执行OCR流程，或借助实验性大语言模型完成部分OCR错误修正。
3. **文本结构优化**：原始文档中的部分内容（如页眉、页码等）可能不适合大规模分析或模型训练。此外，表格、多栏布局等复杂文档结构的格式可能存在缺陷，后续将对原始文本的结构与编辑呈现形式进行优化。

## 致谢
本语料库的存储与处理工作得到了Scaleway的慷慨支持。数据集的构建依托法国文化部与DINUM支持的国家级初创企业LANGU:IA（法国国家初创项目）的协作与投入，属于语言技术联盟EDIC（ALT-EDIC）服务预筹备工作的一部分。

语料收集工作得益于开放科学大语言模型社区的见解、协作与支持（包括Occiglot、Eleuther AI、OpenLLM France、Allen AI）。

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>