Studies included in systematic review.

Abbreviations: (excl)—Excluded from analysis of relative risks; ARV—average real variability; CoV—coefficient or variation; CV—cardiovascular; MS—morning surge; SD—standard deviation.*Relative risks/hazard ratios based on meta-analysisa Given for subgroups of patients so mean for all patients was estimated by calculating a weighted averageb Provided separate relative risks for hypertensive and normotensive patients for night-day ratio (Boggia 2007, n = 3436 hypertensive, n = 4022 normtensive, CV events and all-cause mortality, systolic BP; Hansen 2006, n = 682 hypertensive, n = 1018 normotensive, CV events, systolic and diastolic BP)Studies included in systematic review.