Data from: Mixing of vineyard and oak-tree ecotypes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in North American vineyards

Humans have had a significant impact on the distribution and abundance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through its widespread use in beer, bread and wine production. Yet, similar to other Saccharomyces species, S. cerevisiae has also been isolated from habitats unrelated to fermentations. Strains of S. cerevisiae isolated from grapes, wine must and vineyards worldwide are genetically differentiated from strains isolated from oak-tree bark, exudate and associated soil in North America. However, the causes and consequences of this differentiation have not yet been resolved. Historical differentiation of these two groups may have been influenced by geographic, ecological or human-associated barriers to gene flow. Here, we make use of the relatively recent establishment of vineyards across North America to identify and characterize any active barriers to gene flow between these two groups. We examined S. cerevisiae strains isolated from grapes and oak-trees within three North American vineyards and compared them to those isolated from oak-trees outside of vineyards. Within vineyards we found evidence of migration between grapes and oak-trees and potential gene flow between the divergent oak-tree and vineyard groups. Yet, we found no vineyard genotypes on oak-trees outside of vineyards. In contrast, S. paradoxus isolated from the same sources showed population structure characterized by isolation by distance. The apparent absence of ecological or genetic barriers between sympatric vineyard and oak-tree populations of S. cerevisiae implies that vineyards play an important role in the mixing between these two groups.

人类通过酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）在啤酒、面包与葡萄酒酿造中的广泛应用，对其分布范围与种群丰度造成了显著影响。尽管如此，与其他酿酒酵母属（Saccharomyces）物种类似，酿酒酵母也可从与发酵过程无关的自然生境中分离获得。全球范围内从葡萄、葡萄汁及葡萄园分离得到的酿酒酵母菌株，与北美地区从橡树树皮、渗出液及周边土壤中分离得到的菌株存在遗传分化。但这种分化的成因与后果迄今尚未阐明。这两个类群的历史性分化可能受到地理、生态或与人类活动相关的基因流屏障的影响。本研究借助北美葡萄园相对较新的建立背景，旨在识别并解析这两个类群之间现存的基因流屏障。我们对北美三个葡萄园内的葡萄与橡树来源的酿酒酵母菌株进行了检测，并将其与葡萄园外橡树分离得到的菌株进行了比对分析。在葡萄园生境中，我们发现了葡萄与橡树间存在菌株迁移的证据，以及分化的橡树类群与葡萄园类群间潜在的基因交流。然而，我们并未在葡萄园外的橡树种群中检测到葡萄园专属基因型。与之形成鲜明对比的是，从相同生境分离得到的奇异酵母（Saccharomyces paradoxus），其种群结构呈现出距离隔离的特征。共域分布的葡萄园类群与橡树类群的酿酒酵母之间似乎不存在生态或遗传屏障，这表明葡萄园在推动这两个类群的基因混合方面发挥了关键作用。