Testing hypotheses on sex-biased infection rates: pathogen traits and main expectations on sex-biased incidence under the physiological hypothesis (PH) and the behavioral hypothesis (BH).

*American cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), American visceral leishmaniasis (VL), schistosomiasis (SCH), community-acquired pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative subjects (TB), lepromatous leprosy (LL), tuberculoid leprosy (TL), typhoid fever (TF), leptospirosis (LE), meningococcal meningitis (MM), acute hepatitis A (HA), and severe dengue fever (SDF: dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome).
#BH predictions for infants apply equally to children.
†The PH also predicts much higher male bias in exposure (♂>>♀) than disease (♂≥♀).
‡The PH predicts this female bias to disappear among the elderly.