Update of the radiation fluxes at the top of atmosphere and net surface energy flux: DEEPC v5.1

In order to study the energy flow in the climate system, the radiative fluxes (OLR: Outgoing Longwave Radiation, ASR: Absorbed Solar Radiation, NET: Net radiative flux) at the top of atmosphere (TOA) prior to the CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) period have been reconstructed using satellite observations of CERES v4.1 and ERBS WFOV v3.0 (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Satellite wide field of view), atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5: the fifth generation ECMWF ReAnalysis) and AMIP6 (the sixth phase of the coupled model intercomparison project) model simulations (Liu et al 2020). The mass-corrected atmospheric energy divergencies (transports) and consistent enthalpy treatment of water substances from Mayer et al. (2017) and Mayer et al. (2021), together with the land surface energy flux adjustment, are employed to estimate the net surface energy fluxes. This is version 5.1 of the DEEPC dataset created in 2025. CERES version 4.2 is used to update the DEEPC v5.0 to v5.1. The details of the earlier version of DEEPC can be found from Allan et al. (2014) and Liu et al. (2015, 2017, 2020, 2022).