Spatial locations of reported FMD outbreaks

Control of transboundary diseases at a regional level is commended over the country level due to its inherent complexities. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) has established different zones worldwide to control such contagious diseases as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Controlling FMD is difficult because of the complicated connection between FMD risk factors and the deficits of surveillance activities in countries. We used an ecological niche model (ENM) that accounts for the under-reporting of outbreaks to determine FMD risk and risk factors in South Asian countries, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Centered on known outbreak information, we predicted high-risk areas using similar regional ecological features. Using a multi-algorithm machine-learning ensemble that includes random forest, support vector, and gradient boosting, 15 predictive variables (i.e livestock densities, land cover, and climate), 660 FMD outbreaks from 13 years (2009-2022) in the region including the..., , , # Spatial locations of reported FMD outbreaks

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.msbcc2g84](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.msbcc2g84)

## Description of the data and file structure

For this analysis, locations of reported FMD outbreak data were obtained from India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka from 2009 to 2022. An outbreak was defined as a group of epidemiologically linked cases (WOAH, Terrestrial code) during the considered period. For Bangladesh, the outbreak data were collected from the district animal health officers and the local farmers. Laboratory-confirmed outbreaks were reported at the Upazilla level from 32 districts. For Sri Lanka, officially reported outbreak data were available from the Department of Animal Health, Sri Lanka. Outbreaks were reported at the veterinary range level; 369 outbreaks were reported during the period. From a previous study, FMD outbreak data for India (n=429) were available at the district level. To lower the training error of the model, duplicate occurr...,