Sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitisches Meinungsbild in Deutschland 1997

1. Perception of security and threats: associations with the Federal Armed Forces (open); tendency of associations; interest in various policy areas (economic policy, labour and social policy, security and defence policy, cultural policy, foreign policy and domestic policy); interest in information, television programmes and news about the Federal Armed Forces; personal feeling of security; personal significance of various aspects of security (e.g. job security, military security, social security, security of income, ecological security, etc.); feeling of being threatened by environmental destruction, violence by other people, poverty, crime, unemployment, wars in the world, right-wing extremism, financial problems, new technologies (e.g. genetic engineering), diseases (e.g. AIDS), population growth, nuclear weapons, lack of data protection, nuclear power plants, foreign infiltration, communism, terrorism; probability of a military threat to Germany; significance of various factors as a cause of regional military conflicts (nationality conflicts, religious conflicts, striving for great power, struggle for sources of raw materials, social conflicts, ethnic conflicts, migration, poverty gap between rich and poor countries); suitability of various institutions and instruments to protect Germany against military risks (NATO membership, other/ new treaties with neighbouring countries, United Nations, West German Union (WEU), Federal Armed Forces, European Army, general disarmament, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). 2. Security policy attitudes: Germany´s role in the world: Preference for a rather active vs. rather passive international policy on the part of Germany; approved or rejected measures for Germany´s international action (e.g. aid with food and medicines, aid of a financial and economic nature, technical aid by civil organisations, peacekeeping operations by the Federal Armed Forces (e.g. blue helmet deployment), etc.); general attitude towards the Federal Armed Forces. 3. Assessment of public institutions: Institutional trust (Federal Constitutional Court, other courts, police, Bundesrat, school system, state government, Federal Armed Forces, Bundestag, television, Federal Government, press, churches, trade unions). 4. Personal relation to the Federal Armed Forces: frequency of perception of the Federal Armed Forces in everyday life (in the cityscape/soldiers in uniform, on the street/ Federal Armed Forces vehicles, in advertising and in reports in magazines, radio and television); personal relation to the Federal Armed Forces: Federal Armed Forces barracks in the neighbourhood; family member or close relative or friend is a soldier; respondent himself/herself or his/her son is currently doing military service in the Federal Armed Forces or has done military service in the Federal Armed Forces, is/was a temporary or professional soldier in the Federal Armed Forces. 5. Role and Image of the Federal Armed Forces: Approval of statements about the Federal Armed Forces (the Federal Armed Forces is comparatively well equipped with very good weapon systems, in terms of equipment the Federal Armed Forces can cope with any emergency, German soldiers are well trained for a possible military mission, training in the Federal Armed Forces as good preparation for deployment in the event of natural disasters, good career opportunities for temporary soldiers in the free economy, discipline and order prevails in the Federal Armed Forces, command and obedience are the basic principles of military leadership in the Federal Armed Forces, soldiers often discuss the execution of orders with superiors, genuine camaraderie can be found in the Federal Armed Forces, soldiers also do a lot of things together in their free time, in the Federal Armed Forces you can easily become an alcoholic, German soldiers are masters of their craft, you can rely on the Federal Armed Forces in an emergency, in international missions of the Federal Armed Forces the German soldiers do their jobs just as well as other soldiers, in an emergency many soldiers of the Federal Armed Forces would try everything not to have to go to the front, the Federal Armed Forces would be completely overwhelmed by an attack on Germany, in an attack on Germany the Federal Armed Forces would strike back the enemy, in order to ward off an attack on Germany the Federal Armed Forces needs the help of allies). 6. Tasks of the Federal Armed Forces: Opinion on an increase in defence expenditure; opinion on an increase in the number of Federal Armed Forces soldiers; Preferences with regard to the tasks of the Federal Armed Forces (tasks of international arms control, fight against international terrorism, fight against international drug trafficking, border security against illegal immigrants, tasks in the field of environmental protection, international disaster relief, humanitarian aid and rescue services, reconstruction and development aid, international military advice, Combat missions on behalf of or under the control of the UN or other international organisations, peacekeeping missions on behalf of or under the control of the UN or other international organisations, protection of the constitutional order in Germany, participation in celebrations and ceremonies, education and character building, defence of Germany, defence of allies, aid for threatened friendly nations, evacuation of Germans from crisis areas); opinion on women in the Federal Armed Forces (do not belong in the Federal Armed Forces, belong only in unarmed service or opening all services to women). 7. Attitude towards military service: reputation of selected professions; characterisation of the average Federal Armed Forces soldier on the basis of selected characteristics (semantic differential: e.g. brave - cowardly, industrious - lazy, intelligent - stupid, disciplined - chaotic, etc.) Positive or negative attitude towards military service; military or civilian service more important for society; opinion on the right to conscientious objection; assessment of the activity of a person doing basic military service in the Federal Armed Forces and of a person doing civilian service in the social sector on the basis of selected characteristics (Semantic Differential: useful - not useful, varied - monotonous, comfortable - uncomfortable, strenuous - easy, professional - amateurish); attitude towards military service (important civic duty, personal contribution to the preservation of peace, wasted time, military service is easier than civilian service, military service is more often refused because civilian service is possible at the place of residence, military service should be abolished) Future of the Federal Armed Forces (Federal Armed Forces should be abolished, Federal Armed Forces should become a militia army like in Switzerland, Federal Armed Forces should be a purely professional army, current mix of conscripts and professional and temporary soldiers should be maintained, the number of professional and temporary soldiers should be reduced and in return more frequent military exercises for former soldiers); agreement to statements on conscription, conscription army and professional army (e.g. only a conscription army guarantees the principle of ´citizens in uniform´, conscription army is cheaper than a professional army, professional army is especially attractive for violent and extreme right-wing young men, etc.). 8. Military cooperation in Europe: awareness of different associations with soldiers from different nations (Franco-German Brigade, Eurocorps, German-American Corps and German-Dutch Corps); opinion on military cooperation with different countries (USA, France, Netherlands, England, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Russia and Sweden); support for a European army; support for a political unification of Europe; opinion on military chaplains; preferences regarding the tasks of military chaplains (e.g. none - separation of church and Federal Armed Forces, care of soldiers during military operations, care of soldiers on site and in barracks, care of relatives of soldiers, etc. ); opinion on the assumption of civil tasks by the Federal Armed Forces (should be the exception vs. Federal Armed Forces should take on civilian tasks more often); image enhancement of the Federal Armed Forces due to the flooding of the Oder; evaluation of incidents with regard to the condition of the troops: Federal Armed Forces soldiers who re-enact scenes of violence in their free time and record them on video, participation of Federal Armed Forces soldiers in xenophobic attacks; proportion of right-wing extremists in the Federal Armed Forces compared to the total population; opinion on the admission of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary to NATO; opinion on the consideration of Russia´s security interests in the eastward enlargement of NATO. 9. Violence: youth violence: Frequency of various offences compared to the early 1980s (insulting others, vandalism, assault, theft, burglary and blackmail, threatening foreigners, damage to foreigners´ property); importance of various reasons for violence (violence in the media, failure of parental education, divorce, failure of school education, lack of leisure activities, elbow mentality in society, lack of prospects); changes in the living conditions of young people since the early 1980s; The Federal Armed Forces as a magnet for young people who are prepared to use violence; possibility of excluding violent young men from military service; possibilities for the Federal Armed Forces to counteract violent acts within the framework of basic military service; appropriate measures within the framework of military service against the readiness to use violence (education in discipline and order, political education, promotion of comradeship, punishment / hard crackdown, guidance on sensible leisure activities); left-right self classification; party that best corresponds to the personal basic political attitude. Demography: Sex; age (year of birth); education; additional vocational training; occupation; occupational group; net household income; marital status; denomination; residential environment (degree of urbanisation); city size; federal state; household size; number of persons in household aged 16 and over. Additionally coded: respondent ID; age (categorised); west/east; weight.

1. 安全与威胁认知：与联邦武装力量（Federal Armed Forces）的关联（开放式问题）；关联倾向；对各类政策领域的兴趣（经济政策、劳动与社会保障政策、安全与国防政策、文化政策、外交政策与国内政策）；对联邦武装力量相关资讯、电视节目及新闻的关注度；个人安全感；各类安全维度的个人重要性感知（如工作保障、军事安全、社会保障、收入安全、生态安全等）；对以下威胁的感知程度：环境破坏、他人暴力、贫困、犯罪、失业、全球战争、右翼极端主义、财务困境、新兴技术（如基因工程）、疾病（如艾滋病）、人口增长、核武器、数据保护缺失、核电站、外来渗透、共产主义、恐怖主义；德国面临军事威胁的可能性；各类因素作为地区军事冲突成因的重要性（国籍冲突、宗教冲突、大国争霸、原材料资源争夺、社会冲突、民族冲突、移民问题、南北贫富差距）；各类机构与手段抵御德国军事风险的适用性（北约（NATO）成员国身份、其他/新增邻国条约、联合国（United Nations）、西欧联盟（West German Union, WEU）、联邦武装力量、欧洲陆军、全面裁军、欧洲安全与合作组织（Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE））。
2. 安全政策态度：德国的全球角色偏好：德国倾向于采取积极还是消极的国际政策；德国国际行动的支持/反对措施（如食品与药品援助、财政经济援助、民间组织技术援助、联邦武装力量维和行动（如蓝盔部署）等）；对联邦武装力量的总体态度。
3. 公共机构评估：机构信任度（联邦宪法法院、其他法院、警察、联邦参议院（Bundesrat）、学校体系、州政府、联邦武装力量、联邦议院（Bundestag）、媒体、联邦政府、新闻界、教会、工会）。
4. 与联邦武装力量的个人关联：日常生活中对联邦武装力量的接触频率（如城市景观中的身着军装的士兵、街头的联邦武装力量车辆、广告及杂志、广播、电视中的相关报道）；与联邦武装力量的个人关联情况：住所附近设有联邦武装力量军营；家庭成员、近亲属或朋友为现役军人；受访者本人或其子女当前正在或曾在联邦武装力量服兵役，为联邦武装力量的临时兵或职业兵。
5. 联邦武装力量的角色与形象：对联邦武装力量相关表述的认同度（如“联邦武装力量装备精良，拥有性能优异的武器系统”“从装备层面而言，联邦武装力量可应对各类突发状况”“德国士兵针对潜在军事任务接受了充分训练”“联邦武装力量的训练可为自然灾害应急部署提供良好准备”“临时兵在自由经济体中拥有良好的职业发展机会”“联邦武装力量内部纪律严明、秩序井然”“指挥与服从是联邦武装力量军事领导的基本原则”“士兵常与上级讨论命令的执行细节”“联邦武装力量中存在真挚的战友情谊”“士兵在闲暇时间会共同开展各类活动”“在联邦武装力量中极易养成酗酒习惯”“德国士兵精通本职技能”“紧急情况下可依赖联邦武装力量”“在联邦武装力量的国际任务中，德国士兵的表现与其他国家士兵同样出色”“紧急情况下，多数联邦武装力量士兵会竭尽所能避免前往前线”“若德国遭受攻击，联邦武装力量将完全无力应对”“若德国遭受攻击，联邦武装力量将反击敌军”“为抵御对德国的攻击，联邦武装力量需要盟友的协助”）。
6. 联邦武装力量的任务定位：对国防开支增加的看法；对联邦武装力量兵员规模扩大的看法；联邦武装力量任务的偏好方向（国际军备控制任务、打击国际恐怖主义、打击国际毒品走私、边境非法移民管控、环境保护领域任务、国际救灾、人道主义援助与救援服务、重建与发展援助、国际军事顾问任务、联合国或其他国际组织授权/主导的作战任务、联合国或其他国际组织授权/主导的维和任务、维护德国国内宪法秩序、参与庆典仪式、教育与品格塑造、防御德国本土、防御盟友、援助受威胁的友好国家、从危机地区撤离德国公民）；对女性在联邦武装力量中服役的看法（不应加入联邦武装力量、仅可参与非武装勤务、向女性开放所有勤务岗位）。
7. 兵役态度：特定职业的声誉；基于选定特征对普通联邦武装力量士兵的形象刻画（语义差异法（Semantic Differential）：如勇敢-怯懦、勤勉-慵懒、聪慧-愚钝、守纪-混乱等）；对兵役的积极/消极态度；兵役与民事服务对社会的重要性对比；对良心拒服兵役权的看法；基于选定特征对联邦武装力量基础兵役人员及社会领域民事服务人员的活动评估（语义差异法（Semantic Differential）：有用-无用、丰富-单调、舒适-不适、费力-轻松、专业-业余）；对兵役的态度（如“兵役是重要的公民义务”“兵役是个人为维护和平做出的贡献”“兵役是浪费时间”“兵役比民事服务更轻松”“因可在居住地选择民事服务，兵役常被拒绝”“应废除兵役”）；联邦武装力量的未来发展方向（如“应废除联邦武装力量”“应将联邦武装力量建设为瑞士式的民兵军队”“应将联邦武装力量建设为纯职业军队”“应维持义务兵与职业兵、临时兵的现有混合编制”“应缩减职业兵与临时兵规模，相应增加退役军人的军事训练频次”）；对征兵、义务兵制与职业兵制相关表述的认同度（如“仅义务兵制可保障‘身着戎装的公民’原则”“义务兵制比职业兵制更经济”“职业兵制对暴力及极端右翼青年尤其具有吸引力”等）。
8. 欧洲军事合作：对不同国家士兵相关联合编制的认知（法德旅、欧洲军团（Eurocorps）、美德军团、荷德军团）；对与不同国家开展军事合作的看法（美国、法国、荷兰、英国、比利时、丹麦、意大利、波兰、捷克、奥地利、瑞士、匈牙利、俄罗斯、瑞典）；对组建欧洲陆军的支持度；对欧洲政治一体化的支持度；对军事牧师的看法；军事牧师的任务偏好（如“无职责——政教分离”“军事行动期间的士兵关怀”“营地及任务区域的士兵关怀”“士兵亲属关怀”等）；对联邦武装力量承担民事任务的看法（仅应作为例外vs应更频繁承担民事任务）；奥德河洪水事件对联邦武装力量形象的提升作用；针对部队状态相关事件的评估：如联邦武装力量士兵在闲暇时间重演暴力场景并录像、联邦武装力量士兵参与排外袭击；联邦武装力量内部右翼极端主义者占比与总人口占比的对比；对波兰、捷克、匈牙利加入北约的看法；对北约东扩过程中应考虑俄罗斯安全利益的看法。
9. 暴力相关议题：青少年暴力：与20世纪80年代初相比，各类青少年违法行为的发生频率（如辱骂他人、故意毁坏财物、袭击、盗窃、入室盗窃与敲诈勒索、威胁外国人、损毁外国人财产）；各类暴力成因的重要性（如媒体暴力、家庭教育缺失、离婚、学校教育失败、休闲活动匮乏、社会利己心态、未来前景缺失）；自20世纪80年代初以来青少年生活状况的变化；联邦武装力量对倾向于使用暴力的年轻人的吸引力；将暴力倾向青年排除在兵役之外的可能性；联邦武装力量在基础兵役框架内应对暴力行为的可行性；兵役框架内针对暴力倾向的适宜措施（如纪律与秩序教育、政治教育、促进战友情谊、惩罚/严厉打击、合理休闲活动引导）；左右翼自我意识形态归类；最契合个人基本政治立场的政党。人口统计学维度：性别、年龄（出生年份）、受教育程度、额外职业培训、职业、职业类别、家庭净收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、居住环境（城市化程度）、城市规模、联邦州、家庭规模、家庭中16岁及以上人口数量。额外编码项：受访者ID、分类年龄、西德/东德、权重。