Metabolomic profiling of cow-based bioformulations used in sustainable agriculture: Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit

Jeevamrit (JV) and Ghanjeevamrit (GH) are traditional cow-based bioformulations used in natural farming practice, and this study provides a comprehensive characterization of metabolite profiles via GC-MS, and LC-MS analysis. Untargeted metabolomics revealed ~222 (GC-MS) and ~1049 (LC-MS) metabolites in Jeevamrit and ~96 (GC-MS) and ~1208 (LC-MS) metabolites in Ghanjeevamrit. Major metabolite classes included organoheterocyclic compounds, organic acids, lipids, benzenoids, and organic oxygen/nitrogen compounds. Key metabolites detected across formulations included benzoic acid, crotonic acid, L-alanine, L-glycine, dioonflavone, phosphoglycolic acid, glutathione, phenyllactic acid, 1,3-oxathiane, rutin, and benzothiazole, all associated with nutrient solubilization, microbial activity, regulating plant growth, and stress tolerance. Overall, the study demonstrates that Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit are metabolically rich bioformulations, reinforcing their roles in enhancing soil health and plant growth.