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Ontological Unification of Static Energy and Voltage

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Zenodo2026-09-29 更新2026-10-01 收录
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This paper reveals the ontological essence of voltage and charge within the orthogonal decomposition framework of World Quantum Theory (WQT). A particle's internal rotation speed is extremely fast, making its internal state invisible to direct observation. However, the macro-rotation induced by internal rotation is periodic and perceptible. Humans call the quantity measurable within one macro-rotation cycle the charge e_m, and call the internal rotation energy Em divided by e_m the voltage V_m. V_m = Em / e_m = m₀c² / e_m This paper proves: in WQT's orthogonal decomposition E² = Em² + Ep², the static energy Em = m₀c² is a mathematical derivation result of the framework — two independent physical sources combine such that d cancels out, and Em does not depend on the state of motion. This paper introduces the "particle per-cycle charge" e_m — the fixed charge quantity carried by each cycle of the electron standing wave. e_m is a macro-rotation quantity, is a variable, and changes with the environment. Millikan's oil drop experiment measured e_m ≈ 1.602×10⁻¹⁹ C in a specific environment, and humans used this value to define the elementary charge e. e is a special case of e_m in a specific environment. Measurement is self-referential: using the electron as a ruler, the electron's own properties (m₀, e_m) already contain the environmental influence, requiring no additional correction. All standard physics formulas are special cases of WQT formulas when e_m = e. Keywords: World Quantum Theory, internal rotation, macro-rotation, orthogonal decomposition, static energy, voltage, charge, particle per-cycle charge, self-referential measurement, environment dependence, Millikan oil drop experiment

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Zenodo
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2026-09-29
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