Phylogeny and evolutionary history of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in land plants

Background: GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) genes encode signal transduction proteins with roles in a variety of biological processes in eukaryotes. In contrast to the low copy numbers observed in animals, GSK3 genes have expanded into a multi-gene family in land plants (embryophytes), and have also evolved functions in diverse plant specific processes, including floral development in angiosperms. However, despite previous efforts, the phylogeny of land plant GSK3 genes is currently unclear. Here, we analyze genes from a representative sample of phylogenetically pivotal taxa, including basal angiosperms, gymnosperms, and monilophytes, to reconstruct the evolutionary history and functional diversification of the GSK3 gene family in land plants. Results: Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses resolve a gene tree with four major gene duplication events that coincide with the emergence of novel land plant clades. The single GSK3 gene inherited from the ancestor of land plants was first ...

研究背景：GSK3（糖原合成酶激酶3，glycogen synthase kinase 3）基因编码信号转导蛋白，参与真核生物的多种生物学过程。与动物中较低的基因拷贝数不同，GSK3基因在陆生植物（有胚植物，embryophytes）中扩增为多基因家族，并演化出诸多植物特异性功能，包括被子植物的花发育过程。然而，尽管已有相关前期研究，目前陆生植物GSK3基因的系统发育关系仍不明确。本研究选取系统发育关键类群的代表性基因进行分析，所涉类群包括基部被子植物、裸子植物与真蕨类（monilophytes），旨在重构陆生植物GSK3基因家族的演化历史与功能分化。研究结果：最大似然法（Maximum Likelihood）系统发育分析得到的基因树包含4个主要基因复制事件，这些事件与陆生植物新演化分支的出现时间相契合。陆生植物祖先所继承的单个GSK3基因最初……