TABLE 1 in Phoberus sulcatus (Thunberg, 1787) sensu lato: in-depth morphological analysis of male genitalia reveals three cryptic species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae)

TABLE 1. Summary of morphological distinction between Phoberus sulcatus (Thunberg, 1787), Phoberus instabilis (Haaf, 1953), revalidated and new combination and Phoberus erwinhaaf Strümpher, sp. nov. CharactersPhoberus sulcatusPhoberus instabilisPhoberus erwinhaafiPronotum (male and female): median pronotal depressionDistinctly V-shapedDistinctly V-shapedGenerally shallower, wider (not as pronounced as in the other two species)Pronotum (male and female): tubercles and ridgesWell-defined, raised, sharpWell-defined, raised, sharpGenerally less well-defined, lower, more rounded, not as sharpElytra (male and female): tubercles on even-numbered costaeClosely spaced. Costae 2 & 4 with 9–12 tubercles up to apical callosityMore widely spaced. Costae 2 & 4 with 7–10 tubercles up to apical callosityClosely spaced. Costae 2 & 4 with 9–11 tubercles up to apical callosityMale genitalia:—parameres: dorsal viewBroad in apical half and curved inwards (Fig. 18)Almost straight (not curved), attenuate medially (Fig. 19)Almost straight (not curved), attenuate medially (Fig. 20)Apices broader, long, pointed, and decurved (Fig. 18a)Apices narrow, long, pointed, and projecting anteriad (Fig. 19d)Apices narrow, short, pointed, and projecting anteriad (Fig. 20h)Male genitalia:—parameres: lateral viewLonger than phallobaseAs long or slightly longer than phallobaseAs long as or slightly shorter than phallobaseBroad, medially distinctly enlarged (Fig 21n)Broad, medially weakly expanded (Fig. 22q)Narrow, not expanded (Fig. 23t)Apices long, narrow, decurved downward (Fig. 21m)Apices long, narrow, weakly decurved (Fig. 22p)Apices short, narrow, almost straight (Fig. 23s)Dorsal margin at apex always strongly curved or rounded (convex) (Fig. 21o)Dorsal margin at apex mostly straight, feebly concave (Fig. 22r)Dorsal margin at apex straight, not concave (Fig. 23)Male genitalia:—phallusTwo median lobes narrow, always concave medially; anTwo median lobes broad, not strongly concave medially,Two median lobes broad, weakly concave, inner margins almostoval opening between (Fig. 18c)inner margins almost straight to weakly concave with a narrow gap between, seldom touching (Fig. 19g)straight to feebly concave, margins close, almost touching (Fig. 20k)Lobes on the lateral margins without a notch at apical third; evenly curvedLobes on the lateral margins notched at apical third (Fig. 19f); not strongly attenuate anteriadLobes on the lateral margins notched at apical third (Fig 20j); attenuate anteriad