Huge chromium-induced oxidative damage in endocrine and non-endocrine tissues; chromium oxidation state-dependent and tissue-dependent protective effects of antioxidants

<p><span style="color:black">Thyroids, ovaries, kidneys, and livers were collected from 20 porcine animals. Tissue homogenates were incubated with Cr(VI) (0.05–10.0 mM) or Cr(III) (5.0–200.0 mM), with or without melatonin (5 mM), IPA (5 mM), or 17β-estradiol (1 mM). The malondialdehyde &#43; 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA &#43; 4-HDA) concentration, an index of lipid peroxidation (LPO), was measured spectrophotometrically at 586 nm using a 10 mM 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) solution as a standard.</span></p>