Data from: Detecting ancient co-dispersals and host shifts by double dating of host and parasite phylogenies: application in proctophyllodid feather mites associated with passerine birds

Inferring co-phylogeographic events requires matching the timing of these events on both host and symbiont (e.g., parasites) phylogenies because divergences of hosts and their symbionts may not temporally coincide, and host switches may occur. We investigate a large radiation of birds (Passeriformes) and their permanent symbionts, the proctophyllodid feather mites (117 species from 116 bird species; 6 genes, 11,468 nt aligned) using two time-calibration strategies for mites: fossils only and host phylogeography only. Out of 10 putative co-phylogeographic events 4 agree in timing for both symbiont and host events being synchronous co-origins or co-dispersals; 3 were based on host shifts, but agree in timing being very close to the origin of modern hosts; 2 disagree; and 1 large basal mite split was seemingly independent from host phylogeography. Among these events was an ancient (21-25.3 Mya), synchronous co-dispersal from the Old World leading to the origin and diversifications of New World emberizoid passerids and their mites, the thraupis+quadratus species groups of Proctophyllodes. Our framework offers a more robust detection of host and symbiont co-phylogeographic events (as compared to host-symbiont reconciliation analysis and using host phylogeography for time-calibration) and provides independent data for testing alternative hypotheses on timing of host diversification and dispersal.

推断协同系统发生地理学事件（co-phylogeographic events）需匹配宿主与共生体（如寄生虫）系统发育树上对应事件的发生时序，因宿主与其共生体的分化事件未必在时间上重合，且可能发生宿主转换。本研究针对雀形目（Passeriformes）的大型辐射演化类群及其永久性共生体皮翼科羽螨（proctophyllodid feather mites，涵盖116种宿主鸟类对应的117个螨类物种，包含6个基因的11468个比对核苷酸（nt）位点），采用两种羽螨时间校准策略：仅基于化石校准，以及仅基于宿主系统发生地理学校准。在10个推定的协同系统发生地理学事件中，4个事件的共生体与宿主发生时序一致，属于同步协同起源或协同扩散；3个事件由宿主转换引发，但其发生时间与现生宿主的起源时间极为接近；2个事件的时序匹配不一致；另有1个大型羽螨基部分化事件似乎独立于宿主系统发生地理学过程。其中一项距今2100万至2530万年的古老同步协同扩散事件源自旧大陆，该事件造就了新世界鹀类雀形目鸟类及其共生螨类——皮翼螨属（Proctophyllodes）的thraupis与quadratus物种群的起源与辐射演化。相较于宿主-共生体协同调和分析（host-symbiont reconciliation analysis）以及仅利用宿主系统发生地理学进行时间校准的方法，本研究框架能够更稳健地检测宿主与共生体的协同系统发生地理学事件，同时可为检验宿主分化与扩散时间的替代假说提供独立数据支持。