Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM]: Adult Population Survey Data Set, 1998-2017

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998 and by 2012 over 100 countries had been involved in the program. The initial design for the GEM initiative was based on the first US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, and by 2012 data from 1,827,513 individuals had been gathered in 563 national samples and 6 specialized regional samples. This dataset is a harmonized file capturing results from all of the surveys. The procedure has been to harmonize the basic items across all surveys in all years, followed by implementing a standardized transform to identify those active as nascent entrepreneurs in the start-up process, as owner-managers of new firms, or as owner-managers of established firms. Those identified as nascent entrepreneurs or new business owners are the basis for the Total Entrepreneurial Activity [TEA] or Total Early-Stage index. This harmonized, consolidated assessment not only facilitates comparisons across countries, but provides a basis for temporal comparisons for individual countries. Respondents were queried on the following main topics: general entrepreneurship, start-up activities, ownership and management of the firm, and business angels (angel investors). Respondents were initially screened by way of a series of general questions pertaining to starting a business, such as whether they were currently trying to start a new business, whether they knew anyone who had started a new business, whether they thought it was a good time to start a new business, as well as their perceptions of the income potential and the prestige associated with starting a new business. Demographic variables include respondent age, sex, and employment status.全球创业观察（Global Entrepreneurship Monitor，GEM）研究项目旨在开展各国成年人参与企业创建进程的对比研究。1998年，项目率先针对5个国家开展预测试以收集初始数据；截至2012年，已有超过100个国家参与该项目。GEM项目的初始设计参考了美国首份创业动态追踪研究（Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics），至2012年时，项目已通过563个全国性样本与6个专业区域样本，累计收集了1,827,513名个体的调研数据。 本数据集为整合所有调研成果的标准化统一文件。项目团队首先对历年所有调研的基础条目进行标准化统一处理，随后通过标准化转换流程，识别出三类群体：创业筹备阶段的潜在创业者、新创企业所有者兼管理者，以及成熟企业所有者兼管理者。其中被界定为潜在创业者或新创企业所有者的群体，构成了整体创业活动（Total Entrepreneurial Activity，TEA）——即早期创业总指数的统计基础。这份经过标准化整合的评估数据集，不仅支持跨国横向对比分析，也为单个国家的跨时间纵向对比提供了可靠支撑。 调研受访者的核心访谈主题涵盖：广义创业行为、创业筹备活动、企业所有权与管理，以及天使投资人（business angels）相关内容。调研首先通过一系列创业相关的通用问题对受访者进行筛选，例如：当前是否正尝试创建新企业、是否认识已创办新企业的人、是否认为当前是适宜的创业时机，以及受访者对创业的收入潜力与社会声望的认知等。人口统计变量则包含受访者年龄、性别与就业状态。