2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Pressures - Shipping

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressures on the marine environment associated with shipping". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.----------------------------------------DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSUREAustralia as an island relies heavily on shipping for transportation of its imports and exports. In 2013–14, approximately 1274 million tonnes of cargo were loaded and 151 million tonnes discharged at Australian wharves by 5499 vessels that made 28 714 port calls.As this shipping traverses Australian waters there is potential for adverse interactions with the marine environment across all regions (see Figure 1). Specifically, there is a risk of environmental damage from collision or grounding of vessels, and ship strike, which is a significant cause of anthropogenic mortality to whales worldwide. Also although not addressed specifically here it should be noted small recreational vessels regularly injure dugongs, turtles, and dolphins.DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT• AIS: AIS data for 2014, coverage over all regions, based on CTS product from AMSA• Ship strike database: Coverage over all regions 1872-2015. For the assessment we mainly looked at post 2000 records.• Shipping statistics: Coverage over all regions from 1998-2013 (Predictions from infrastructure Australia used for 2014-2015 growth).----------------------------------------2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]• 2016 •Assessment grade: LowAssessment trend: DeterioratingConfidence grade: High level of consensusConfidence trend: High level of consensusComparability: Comparable• 2011 •----------------------------------------CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENTThe assessment is unchanged.2016年《环境状况报告（State of the Environment, SoE）》海洋章节整合了多套基于海洋数据流开发的专家模板。本元数据记录针对“与航运相关的海洋环境压力”专家评估进行说明。完整的专家评估（含已提供的图表与表格）已附于本记录中。若有可用数据源，用于生成本专家评估的数据流可通过本记录的“在线资源”板块获取。 ----------------------------------------【压力说明】 澳大利亚作为岛国，高度依赖航运开展进出口货物运输。2013-2014年间，共有5499艘船舶进行了28714次港口停靠，在澳大利亚各码头装卸货物约12.74亿吨（装货12.74亿吨，卸货1.51亿吨）。 当船舶航行于澳大利亚水域时，全区域均存在与海洋环境产生不利交互的潜在风险（详见图1）。具体而言，船舶碰撞或搁浅可能引发环境破坏；此外，船舶撞击（ship strike）是全球范围内导致鲸类人为死亡的重要诱因。需特别说明的是，尽管本评估未专门涉及此类情况，但小型休闲船舶时常会造成儒艮、海龟及海豚受伤。 ----------------------------------------【专家评估所用数据流】 • 自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System, AIS）数据：2014年AIS数据，覆盖全区域，基于澳大利亚海事安全局（Australian Maritime Safety Authority, AMSA）的CTS产品生成。 • 船舶撞击数据库：1872-2015年全区域覆盖数据，本次评估主要参考2000年之后的记录。 • 航运统计数据：1998-2013年全区域覆盖数据（2014-2015年的增长预测数据采用澳大利亚基础设施局的预测结果）。 ----------------------------------------【2016年环境状况报告评估摘要（完整细节请见附件专家评估）】 • 2016年评估： 评估等级：低 评估趋势：恶化 置信等级：高度共识 置信趋势：高度共识 可比性：可比 • 2011年评估： ----------------------------------------【2011年以来的评估变更】 本评估与2011年环境状况报告评估内容一致，未发生变更。