Table_13_Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, Sleep Continuity and Slow Wave Sleep as Predictors of Cognition, Mood, and Subjective Sleep Quality in Healthy Men and Women, Aged 20–84 Years.DOCX

Sleep and its sub-states are assumed to be important for brain function across the lifespan but which aspects of sleep associate with various aspects of cognition, mood and self-reported sleep quality has not yet been established in detail. Sleep was quantified by polysomnography, quantitative Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis and self-report in 206 healthy men and women, aged 20–84 years, without sleep complaints. Waking brain function was quantified by five assessments scheduled across the day covering objectively assessed performance across cognitive domains including sustained attention and arousal, decision and response time, motor and sequence control, working memory, and executive function as well as self-reports of alertness, mood and affect. Controlled for age and sex, self-reported sleep quality was negatively associated with number of awakenings and positively associated with the duration of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, but no significant associations with Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) measures were observed. Controlling only for age showed that associations between objective and subjective sleep quality were much stronger in women than in men. Analysis of 51 performance measures demonstrated that, after controlling for age and sex, fewer awakenings and more REM sleep were associated significantly with better performance on the Goal Neglect task, which is a test of executive function. Factor analysis of the individual performance measures identified four latent variables labeled Mood/Arousal, Response Time, Accuracy, and Visual Perceptual Sensitivity. Whereas Mood/Arousal improved with age, Response Times became slower, while Accuracy and Visual perceptual sensitivity showed little change with age. After controlling for sex and age, nominally significant association between sleep and factor scores were observed such that Response Times were faster with more SWS, and Accuracy was reduced where individuals woke more often or had less REM sleep. These data identify a positive contribution of SWS to processing speed and in particular highlight the importance of sleep continuity and REM sleep for subjective sleep quality and performance accuracy across the adult lifespan. These findings warrant further investigation of the contribution of sleep continuity and REM sleep to brain function.

睡眠及其亚状态被认为对整个生命周期的脑功能至关重要，然而，睡眠的哪些方面与认知、情绪及自我报告的睡眠质量相关联，尚未有详细的建立。睡眠通过多导睡眠图、定量脑电图（EEG）分析和自我报告在206名20至84岁无睡眠抱怨的健康男性和女性中进行量化。觉醒时的脑功能通过五项安排在一天中的评估进行量化，这些评估涵盖了认知领域的客观评估性能，包括持续的注意力和觉醒、决策和反应时间、运动和序列控制、工作记忆以及执行功能，以及警觉度、情绪和情感的自我报告。在控制年龄和性别的情况下，自我报告的睡眠质量与觉醒次数呈负相关，与快速眼动（REM）睡眠的持续时间呈正相关，但未观察到与慢波睡眠（SWS）指标的显著关联。仅控制年龄表明，在女性中，客观和主观睡眠质量之间的关联比男性更强。51项性能指标的分析表明，在控制年龄和性别的情况下，觉醒次数较少和REM睡眠较多与在目标忽视任务上的表现显著相关，该任务是对执行功能的测试。对个体性能指标进行因素分析，识别出四个被标记为情绪/觉醒、反应时间、准确性和视觉感知敏感性的潜在变量。情绪/觉醒随着年龄的增长而改善，反应时间变慢，而准确性和视觉感知敏感性随着年龄的变化较小。在控制性别和年龄的情况下，观察到睡眠与因素得分之间存在显著关联，即反应时间随着SWS的增加而变快，而准确性在个体更频繁醒来或REM睡眠较少时降低。这些数据表明，慢波睡眠对处理速度有积极的贡献，并特别强调了睡眠连续性和REM睡眠对主观睡眠质量及成年期整个生命周期内表现准确性的重要性。这些发现需要进一步研究睡眠连续性和REM睡眠对脑功能的贡献。