Precision Oncology-Based Targeting of Signaling Pathways Toward a Holistic Approach to Cancer Therapeutics

Date related to Systematic Review and Metanalysis of Precision Oncology Based ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Background: The genetic changes appearing in the information system of the cell that program its unregulated growth and proliferation gradually lead to cancer manifestation, and the treatment options need to be guided accordingly. Furthermore,, patients with the same cancer types and conditions often respond differently to cancer therapies, indicating the need for a patient-specific treatment regimen for cancer treatment. Precision oncology, defined as the molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations in the tumor mass for a custom-tailored personalized treatment plan is gaining ground as a potential means of cancer treatment. Methods: The critical roles played by some of the molecules associated with the signaling pathways and cell microenvironment that often induce tumorigenesis and metastasis have been described precisely in the past decades based on findings of the human genome project and other related initiatives undertaken afterward to thoroughly understand the molecular basis of cancer cell behaviors. Genetic alterations underlying signaling pathways that regulate the cell cycle, cell growth, and cell death by apoptosis or autophagy are common in cancer, but the changes across cancer types and tumors vary considerably requiring different approaches to the selection of treatment options. Moreover, tissue heterogeneity associated with rumors is a hallmark property of cancer and is now being considered the root cause of treatment resistance and relapse requiring unmasking tissue heterogeneity as the means to effective treatment of cancer. The emergence of single-cell technologies for biological analysis in recent years is proving to be of great help to this end and has become an important means of cancer research and treatment. Results: Precision oncology, defined as the molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations in the tumor mass for a custom-tailored personalized treatment plan is gaining ground as a potential means of cancer treatment. The single-cell technology now provides exact information regarding genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity within individual tumors. Recent advances in multi-omics techniques supported by computational methods and artificial intelligence now allow researchers to integrate genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and other related data to reveal the activity state of individual genes to help detect specific cancer drivers and vulnerabilities for advanced precision oncology. Conclusions: Precision oncology, relies upon the genomic studies of cancer cells of vulnerable individuals to fully understand the prognosis and pathways involved in disease progression to selectively target them for an effective cure. This article intends to comprehensively elucidate the foundations and frontiers of precision oncology in the context of the advancements being made in cancer genomics and single-cell technologies, to assess its scope and importance in the realization of a proper cure for cancer.