Thermal Tolerance Ranges of 30 species used as biological control of garden pests

This dataset is a compilation of thermal tolerance ranges for 30 species currently used as biological control for a variety of garden pests; all temperatures are recorded in °C. Pest species can reduce yield and cause damage to crops. Chemical pesticides are often used to treat agricultural areas, but can have adverse effects on human health and biodiversity. Biological control agents exist in the form of bacteria, fungi and insect species; some are generalists and others specialists, offering a range of alternatives to chemical pesticides (Ayilara et al., 2023). Several such species are currently commercialised and readily available for purchase online; however, the selection is relatively limited and the species offered are not always suited for every possible climate. This dataset seeks to identify some lesser known biological control agents and compile them with widely commercialised species, with special interest in their tolerated thermal range. Certain species are better suited for cooler climates, while others tend to be more effective at warmer temperatures. With climate change increasingly threatening agricultural systems, some pest species developing resistance towards current chemical pesticides, and the threat of invasive species establishment with shifting climatic conditions, it is worth investigating biological control agents with a potential to treat agricultural land and even adapt to increasingly extreme temperatures (Ramos Aguila et al., 2023). The literature search used to compile data identified research papers where thermal thresholds for each of the 30 species were investigated through scientific experimentation in a relatively controlled laboratory environment. Where possible, only papers published after 1990 were selected. Research and data availability greatly varied with how commonly observed each species was. Species were only added to the dataset if their thermal tolerance range had been researched with a clearly described method; where such material was not published, potential species were discarded and others were chosen instead. Within the literature, there were several methods used to estimate thermal tolerance range, such as exposing specimens to short-term stress (increased or decreased temperatures) for 1 hour intervals (Hill, Malan and Terblanche, 2015), or rearing specimens at set temperatures long-term to observe their developmental success throughout life stages (Gotoh, Yamaguchi and Mori, 2004). The method used to estimate thermal tolerance range and the insect host chosen to evaluate infectivity success can yield different results within a species, especially among the generalist species (Zimmermann, 2008). Therefore, the metadata includes details such as which host specimens and surrounding plants the studies species were reared with, as well as how many different temperature intervals were tested. Some studies focused primarily on warmer temperatures, while others tested both the warmer and colder limits equally. Nevertheless, another requirement when sifting through the available material was the papers needed to explicitly mention a maximum and minimum temperature at which the selected species was active. A clear limitation to this approach is certain studies defined their thermal ranges as temperatures at which species were simply active, while others focused more on larval hatching and developmental success rather than adult mortality. The most detailed studies were those which identified temperature thresholds at which mobility stopped and chill / heat comas ensued (Coombs and Bale, 2012). Reference List: Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., Omole, R.K., Johnson, R.M., Uthman, Q.O. and Babalola, O.O. (2023). Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. Ramos Aguila, L.C., Li, X., Akutse, K.S., Bamisile, B.S., Sánchez Moreano, J.P., Lie, Z. and Liu, J. (2023). Host–Parasitoid Phenology, Distribution, and Biological Control under Climate Change. Life, [online] 13(12), p.2290. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122290. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812. Data Reference List: Anastassiadou, M., Arena, M., Auteri, D., Brancato, A., Bura, L., Luis Carrasco Cabrera, Chaideftou, E., Chiusolo, A., Daniele Court Marques, Federica Crivellente, Chloe De Lentdecker, Egsmose, M., Fait, G., Greco, L., Huizing, C., Ippolito, A., Frederique Istace, Jarrah, S., Dimitra Kardassi and Leuschner, R. (2020). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Akanthomyces muscarius strain Ve6, formerly Lecanicillium muscarium strain Ve6. EFSA Journal, 18(6). doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6121. Bezerra, C.E.S., Tavares, P.K.A., Nogueira, C.H.F., Macedo, L.P.M. and Araujo, E.L. (2012). Biology and thermal requirements of Chrysoperla genanigra (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs. Biological Control, [online] 60(2), pp.113–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.010. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Daane, K.M., Malakar-Kuenen, R.D. and Walton, V.M. (2004). Temperature-dependent development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 31(2), pp.123–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Greenberg, S.M., Legaspi, B.C., Jones, W.A. and Enkegaard, A. (2000). Temperature-Dependent Life History ofEretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Whitefly Hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology, 29(4), pp.851–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.4.851. Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S. and Gaugler, R. (1994). Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: Niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology, 19(4), pp.245–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. HUGHES, G.E., OWEN, E., STERK, G. and BALE, J.S. (2010). Thermal activity thresholds of the parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes and its aphid prey: implications for the efficacy of biological control. Physiological Entomology, 35(4), pp.373–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00754.x. Ingegno, B.L., Messelink, G.J., Leman, A., Sacco, D. and Tavella, L. (2021). Development and thermal activity thresholds of European mirid predatory bugs. Biological Control, 152, p.104423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104423. Jalali, Mohammad.Amin., Tirry, L., Arbab, A. and Clercq, P.D. (2010). Temperature-Dependent Development of the Two-Spotted Ladybeetle,Adalia bipunctata, on the Green Peach Aphid,Myzus persicae, and a Factitious Food Under Constant Temperatures. Journal of Insect Science, 10(124), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.12401. Khachatourians, G.G. (2009). Insecticides, Microbial. [online] ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001243 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Kour, S., Khurma, U. and Brodie, G. (2021). Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. Journal of Nematology, 53(1), pp.1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-085. Kung, S.-P., Gaugler, R. and Kaya, H.K. (1991). Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 57(2), pp.242–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90123-8. Lee, H.-S. and Gillespie, D.R. (2010). Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53(1), pp.17–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9385-5. Li, M.-J., Zhang, B., Chen, G.-H., Zhou, S.-W., Liu, J.-H., Lu, M., Zhang, J.-L., Yang, S.-W. and Zhang, X.-M. (2023). Effects of short-term extreme temperature treatment on the development and reproductive capacity of Encarsia formosa. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 14, p.1187743. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1187743. Lizzy Mwamburi, Laing, M. and Miller, R. (2015). Effect of surfactants and temperature on germination and vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana. 46(1), pp.67–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838246120131077. Malina, R. and Praslička, J. (2008). Effect of temperature on the developmental rate, longevity and parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Plant Protection Science, 44(No. 1), pp.19–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.17221/534-pps. Shima Yazdanpanah, Yaghoub Fathipour, Riahi, E. and Zalucki, M.P. (2021). Modeling Temperature-Dependent Development Rate of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Fed on Two Alternative Diets. Environmental Entomology, [online] 51(1), pp.145–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab130. University of Connecticut (n.d.). Integrated Pest Management Program. [online] Available at: https://ipm.cahnr.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3216/2023/10/2023blackvineweevilfactsheetfinal.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Zamani, A.A., Talebi, A., Fathipour, Y. and Baniameri, V. (2007). Effect of Temperature on Life History of Aphidius colemani and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Two Parasitoids of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 36(2), pp.263–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-36.2.263. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812.本数据集汇编了当前用于防治多种园艺害虫的30个物种的热耐受范围（thermal tolerance ranges），所有温度单位均为摄氏度（°C）。害虫可导致作物减产并造成损害。化学农药常被应用于农田防治，但会对人类健康与生物多样性产生不利影响。生物防治因子（biological control agent）涵盖细菌、真菌及昆虫类群；部分为广食性物种（generalist species），部分为专食性物种（specialist species），可作为化学农药的多元化替代方案（Ayilara等，2023）。目前已有多款此类物种实现商业化，可在线便捷购买；但可供选择的品类相对有限，且提供的物种并非总能适配所有气候条件。本数据集旨在挖掘部分知名度较低的生防因子，并与广泛商业化的物种进行整合汇编，重点关注其耐受的温度范围。部分物种更适配凉爽气候，而另一些则在温暖环境下防控效果更佳。随着气候变化对农业系统的威胁日益加剧，部分害虫对现有化学农药产生抗药性，加之气候条件变化引发的外来物种入侵风险，探究具备农田防控潜力且可适应日益极端温度的生防因子具有重要研究价值（Ramos Aguila等，2023）。 本次数据汇编依托的文献检索，筛选出了通过相对可控的实验室科学实验，对30个物种的温度阈值展开研究的学术论文。研究优先选取1990年之后发表的文献。不同物种的研究数据可得性差异显著，这与其野外观测的常见程度相关。仅当某物种的热耐受范围经方法明确的研究后，才可被纳入数据集；若未公开发表相关研究，则排除该潜在物种，替换为其他符合条件的类群。现有文献中，用于估算热耐受范围的方法多样，例如将试验样本置于短期温度胁迫（升温或降温）环境中，以1小时间隔进行观测（Hill、Malan与Terblanche，2015），或在固定温度下长期饲养样本，观察其整个生命周期的发育情况（Gotoh、Yamaguchi与Mori，2004）。 用于估算热耐受范围的方法，以及用于评估侵染成功率的昆虫寄主，会导致同一物种的研究结果出现差异，对于广食性物种而言尤为明显（Zimmermann，2008）。因此，本数据集的元数据（metadata）包含诸多细节，例如研究物种所饲养的寄主样本及周边植物，以及测试的温度区间数量。部分研究仅聚焦于高温阈值，而另一些则同时等量测试了高温与低温阈值。尽管如此，在筛选可用文献时的另一项硬性要求为：论文必须明确提及该物种存活或活动的最高与最低温度。该方法的一个明显局限在于，部分研究将温度范围定义为物种仅能维持活动的温度区间，而另一些则更关注幼虫孵化与发育成功率，而非成虫死亡率。最为详尽的研究则确定了物种运动能力丧失、进入冷昏迷（chill coma）与热昏迷（heat coma）的温度阈值（Coombs与Bale，2012）。 参考文献列表： Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., Omole, R.K., Johnson, R.M., Uthman, Q.O. and Babalola, O.O. (2023). Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. Ramos Aguila, L.C., Li, X., Akutse, K.S., Bamisile, B.S., Sánchez Moreano, J.P., Lie, Z. and Liu, J. (2023). Host–Parasitoid Phenology, Distribution, and Biological Control under Climate Change. Life, [online] 13(12), p.2290. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122290. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812. 数据参考文献列表： Anastassiadou, M., Arena, M., Auteri, D., Brancato, A., Bura, L., Luis Carrasco Cabrera, Chaideftou, E., Chiusolo, A., Daniele Court Marques, Federica Crivellente, Chloe De Lentdecker, Egsmose, M., Fait, G., Greco, L., Huizing, C., Ippolito, A., Frederique Istace, Jarrah, S., Dimitra Kardassi and Leuschner, R. (2020). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Akanthomyces muscarius strain Ve6, formerly Lecanicillium muscarium strain Ve6. EFSA Journal, 18(6). doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6121. Bezerra, C.E.S., Tavares, P.K.A., Nogueira, C.H.F., Macedo, L.P.M. and Araujo, E.L. (2012). Biology and thermal requirements of Chrysoperla genanigra (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs. Biological Control, [online] 60(2), pp.113–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.010. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Daane, K.M., Malakar-Kuenen, R.D. and Walton, V.M. (2004). Temperature-dependent development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 31(2), pp.123–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Greenberg, S.M., Legaspi, B.C., Jones, W.A. and Enkegaard, A. (2000). Temperature-Dependent Life History ofEretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Whitefly Hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology, 29(4), pp.851–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.4.851. Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S. and Gaugler, R. (1994). Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: Niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology, 19(4), pp.245–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. HUGHES, G.E., OWEN, E., STERK, G. and BALE, J.S. (2010). Thermal activity thresholds of the parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes and its aphid prey: implications for the efficacy of biological control. Physiological Entomology, 35(4), pp.373–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00754.x. Ingegno, B.L., Messelink, G.J., Leman, A., Sacco, D. and Tavella, L. (2021). Development and thermal activity thresholds of European mirid predatory bugs. Biological Control, 152, p.104423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104423. Jalali, Mohammad.Amin., Tirry, L., Arbab, A. and Clercq, P.D. (2010). Temperature-Dependent Development of the Two-Spotted Ladybeetle,Adalia bipunctata, on the Green Peach Aphid,Myzus persicae, and a Factitious Food Under Constant Temperatures. Journal of Insect Science, 10(124), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.12401. Khachatourians, G.G. (2009). Insecticides, Microbial. [online] ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001243 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Kour, S., Khurma, U. and Brodie, G. (2021). Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. Journal of Nematology, 53(1), pp.1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-085. Kung, S.-P., Gaugler, R. and Kaya, H.K. (1991). Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 57(2), pp.242–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90123-8. Lee, H.-S. and Gillespie, D.R. (2010). Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53(1), pp.17–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9385-5. Li, M.-J., Zhang, B., Chen, G.-H., Zhou, S.-W., Liu, J.-H., Lu, M., Zhang, J.-L., Yang, S.-W. and Zhang, X.-M. (2023). Effects of short-term extreme temperature treatment on the development and reproductive capacity of Encarsia formosa. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 14, p.1187743. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1187743. Lizzy Mwamburi, Laing, M. and Miller, R. (2015). Effect of surfactants and temperature on germination and vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana. 46(1), pp.67–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838246120131077. Malina, R. and Praslička, J. (2008). Effect of temperature on the developmental rate, longevity and parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Plant Protection Science, 44(No. 1), pp.19–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.17221/534-pps. Shima Yazdanpanah, Yaghoub Fathipour, Riahi, E. and Zalucki, M.P. (2021). Modeling Temperature-Dependent Development Rate of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Fed on Two Alternative Diets. Environmental Entomology, [online] 51(1), pp.145–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab130. University of Connecticut (n.d.). Integrated Pest Management Program. [online] Available at: https://ipm.cahnr.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3216/2023/10/2023blackvineweevilfactsheetfinal.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Zamani, A.A., Talebi, A., Fathipour, Y. and Baniameri, V. (2007). Effect of Temperature on Life History of Aphidius colemani and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Two Parasitoids of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 36(2), pp.263–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-36.2.263. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812.