Soil physicochemical properties, microbial (PLFA, enzyme activity, EcoPlate) profiles and wheat plant traits across 11 Mediterranean fields (Spain and Italy) under rainfed and irrigated management

This dataset contains soil and crop measurements collected from eleven Mediterranean wheat fields in Spain and Italy, generated to support analyses of soil–plant–microbe interactions under contrasting edaphic and management conditions. Topsoil (0–20 cm) was sampled as composite material from a field grid at three key moments of the crop cycle (TP1: BBCH 51–57; TP2: BBCH 91–97; TP3: post-harvest), with one site lacking TP1 due to logistical/climatic constraints. The Soil_Data sheet includes soil physicochemical variables (pH, electrical conductivity, texture fractions, organic matter, total C and N, exchangeable cations/CEC, and available macro- and micronutrients), as well as microbial biomass C and N. It also reports extracellular enzyme activities (C, N, P and S cycling enzymes), PLFA-based microbial group biomarkers (total PLFA and major functional groups including Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi), and EcoPlate-derived substrate-use metrics aggregated by chemical class (amino acids, amines, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, phenolics and polymers). The Crop_Data sheet provides plant traits (height, tillers per plant, 100-grain weight) and tissue elemental composition (C, N, nutrients and trace elements) measured in shoots, roots and grain (where available) across timepoints with biological replicates. A Metadata sheet summarizes site codes, cultivar and factor information (region, wheat species/cultivar set and water management where available), masked coordinates (randomly displaced to protect sensitive locations), replicate structure, missingness notes, and a variable-level data dictionary to facilitate reuse.本数据集涵盖采集自西班牙与意大利共11处地中海麦田的土壤与作物测量数据，旨在支持不同土壤条件与管理模式下的土-植-微生物互作分析。研究人员于作物生长周期的3个关键节点（TP1：BBCH 51–57；TP2：BBCH 91–97；TP3：收获后），采用田间网格混合采样法采集表层土壤（0–20 cm）；其中1个试验点因后勤/气候限制缺失TP1样本。土壤数据表（Soil_Data）包含土壤理化变量（pH值、电导率、粒级组分、有机质、总碳与总氮、交换性阳离子/阳离子交换量（CEC）以及有效大量/微量营养元素），同时测定了微生物生物量碳与氮。此外，还记录了胞外酶活性（参与碳、氮、磷与硫循环的酶类）、基于磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）的微生物类群生物标志物（总PLFA及主要功能类群，包括革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌与真菌），以及基于EcoPlate底物利用的、按化学类别（氨基酸、胺类、碳水化合物、羧酸、酚类与聚合物）聚合的代谢指标。作物数据表（Crop_Data）提供了植物性状（株高、单株分蘖数、百粒重）以及地上部、根系与籽粒（若有）的组织元素组成（碳、氮、营养元素与微量元素），所有测量均设置生物学重复并覆盖全部采样时间节点。元数据表（Metadata）汇总了试验点编码、品种与因子信息（区域、小麦品种/品系以及可用的水分管理模式）、经随机偏移以保护敏感位置的屏蔽坐标、重复实验结构、数据缺失说明，以及便于数据复用的变量级数据字典。