Rational Tuning of the Thiolate Donor in Model Complexes of Superoxide Reductase: Direct Evidence for a <i>trans</i> Influence in Fe^III−OOR Complexes

Iron peroxide species have been identified as important intermediates in a number of nonheme iron as well as heme-containing enzymes, yet there are only a few examples of such species either synthetic or biological that have been well characterized. We describe the synthesis and structural characterization of a new series of five-coordinate (N4S(thiolate))FeII complexes that react with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) or cumenyl hydroperoxide (CmOOH) to give metastable alkylperoxo−iron(III) species (N4S(thiolate)FeIII−OOR) at low temperature. These complexes were designed specifically to mimic the nonheme iron active site of superoxide reductase, which contains a five-coordinate iron(II) center bound by one Cys and four His residues in the active form of the protein. The structures of the FeII complexes are analyzed by X-ray crystallography, and their electrochemical properties are assessed by cyclic voltammetry. For the FeIII−OOR species, low-temperature UV−vis spectra reveal intense peaks between 500−550 nm that are typical of peroxide to iron(III) ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) transitions, and EPR spectroscopy shows that these alkylperoxo species are all low-spin iron(III) complexes. Identification of the vibrational modes of the FeIII−OOR unit comes from resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, which shows ν(Fe−O) modes between 600−635 cm−1 and ν(O−O) bands near 800 cm−1. These Fe−O stretching frequencies are significantly lower than those found in other low-spin FeIII−OOR complexes. Trends in the data conclusively show that this weakening of the Fe−O bond arises from a trans influence of the thiolate donor, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support these findings. These results suggest a role for the cysteine ligand in SOR, and are discussed in light of the recent assessments of the function of the cysteine ligand in this enzyme.