Sub-femtomolar drug monitoring via co-calibration mechanism with nanoconfined DNA probes

Utilizing multiple DNA probes leverages the combined specificity advantages of each probe. By modifying a nanoconfined biosensor (NCBS) with dual-DNA probes, a co-calibration strategy for both the target substance (cathinone) and pH was developed, enabling ultra-sensitive quantitative detection of cathinone in artificial sweat. This work highlights the enhanced performance of multifunctional DNA probes and nanochannels, demonstrating broader applicability in complex environments.