Vitamin E and selenium concentrations of wild donkeys and their diets in the extreme desert ecosystem of Death Valley, California

Wild donkeys in Death Valley National Park (DVNP) exhibited significantly higher serum vitamin E concentrations and lower whole blood selenium concentrations compared to captive donkeys. This study established reference intervals for these micronutrients in wild donkeys and highlighted the influence of mixed feeding behavior in their extreme desert ecosystem, offering valuable insights for the improved management of captive donkeys.