Supplementary information files for "Amorphous/crystalline interwoven multipods with high Co/Ni activity for wide-temperature-range sodium-sulfur batteries"

Supplementary files for article "Amorphous/crystalline interwoven multipods with high Co/Ni activity for wide-temperature-range sodium-sulfur batteries"<br><br>Sluggish kinetics caused by 16-electron transfer hinders development of wide-temperature-range sodium-sulfur batteries. Here we report Sn-doped CoNiS multipods with an amorphous-crystalline interwoven structure. Employed as a positive electrode catalyst, the resulting sodium–sulfur battery exhibits a discharge capacity of 1320.8 mAh g ⁻¹ at 3 A g ⁻¹ after 1200 cycles at room temperature, together with stable and high-capacity electrochemical performance ranged from −20 to 50 °C. It has been evidenced that the amorphous/crystalline interfaces generated by Sn doping can adjust the microelectronic environment of Co and Ni atoms, optimize their adsorption energy toward sodium polysulfide intermediates through Co–S and Ni–S bonding, and thus decrease the energy barrier of polysulfide conversion. This interfacial regulation efficiently lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step and facilitates the overall reaction kinetics over a wide temperature range. This work provides an efficient amorphous/crystalline interface engineering strategy to develop high-performance catalysts.<br><br>© The Author(s), CC BY 4.0