TABLE 2 in Under the surface: what we know about the threats to subterranean fishes in Brazil

TABLE 2 | Brazilian subterranean fishes: threats, possible causes, IUCN categories, and occurrence in Conservation Units. SpeciesThreatsPossible causesIUCN Brazilian Red List (ICMBio/MMA, 2018)IUCN Global Red ListConservation UnitStygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatArtesian wells for fruit irrigation; climate changeEndangered (EN)Deficient Data (DD)Not includedEigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of the subterranean drainage; tourismLarge scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkAncistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987Lowering of the base-level streams; tourismLarge scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of the headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate changeEndangered (EN)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkAncistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997Pollution; physical change of the habitatUse of pesticides for agriculture; mining for cement productionVulnerable (VU)Not includedLimits of the Serra da Bodoquena National ParkAncistrus sp. “bodoquena”physical change of the habitatDeforestation; mining projects for cement productionNot includedNot includedNot includedAspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017Pollution; physical change of the habitat; food restrictionUse of pesticides for agriculture; discharge of domestic sewage; mining projects for cement production; deforestation of cave surroundingsNot includedNot includedNot includedTrichomycterus itacarambiensis de Pinna & Trajano, 1996Physical change of the habitat; food restrictionDams inside the cave for water exploration; climate changeCritically Endangered (CR)Not includedLimits of the Cavernas do Peruaçu National ParkTrichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa-Jr, Trajano & Bichuette, 2011Physical change of the habitat; pollutionMining projects for cement production; water exploration (irrigation for agriculture); deforestation of caves surroundings (agriculture and pastures); climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedLimits of the Serra da Bodoquena National Park (part)Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDeforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedNot includedTrichomycterus sp. “ramalho”Lowering of the base-level stream; food restrictionDeforestation of cave surroundings (pastures and charcoal production); climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedTrichomycterus sp. “iu iu”Lowering of the base-level stream; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedItuglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of subterranean drainage; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Siltation of the upper vadose tributary; lowering of the upper vadose tributary; tourismUnmanaged tourism; climate changeCritically Endangered (CR)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Lowering of the epikarst (upper aquifer); physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainageDeforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)Endangered (EN)Not includedNot includedItuglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainageDeforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)Not includedNot includedRio Vermelho Environmental Protection Area (APA)Ituglanis sp. “terra ronca”No dataNo dataNot includedNot includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis sp. “posse”Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDams inside the cave for water exploration; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedItuglanis sp. “canastra”Food restriction; lowering of the base-level streamDeforestation of surroundings; climate changeNot includedNot includedLimits of the Serra da Canastra National ParkGlaphyropoma spinosum Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano, 2008Physical change of the habitat; tourismIllegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedChapada Diamantina National ParkCopionodon sp. “igatu”Physical change of the habitat; tourismIllegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourismNot includedNot includedChapada Diamantina National ParkPimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)Pollution (domestic sewage and others); overcollecting; physical change of the habitatIrregular land use; weak supervising; irregular visitation of the caveEndangered (EN)Deficient Data (DD)TurÍstico do Alto Ribeira State ParkPimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2007Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismEndangered (EN)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkPimelodella sp. “açungui”Physical change of the habitatSmall Hydroelectric Power Station (SHPS)Not includedNot includedNot includedRhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the base-level streamDeforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdia sp. “bodoquena”Physical alteration of the habitatDeforestation of cave surroundings; mining projects for cement productionNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis krugi Bockmann & Castro, 2010Siltation; food restriction; lowering of the aquifer; pollution (part of the aquifer); tourism (part of the caves)Deforestation of caves surroundings; installation of artesian wells; use of pesticides for agriculture; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “gonçalo”Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal and installation of artesian wells for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); old saltpeter explorationNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “cordisburgo”No dataNo dataNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “ramalho”, two populations/ morphotypesLowering of the upper phreatic; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture (small scale); dams inside the cavesNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “caatinga”Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); dams inside the caveNot includedNot includedNot includedPhenacorhamdia sp. “posse”Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDams inside the cave; water withdrawal; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedPhreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activitiesLeast Concerned (LC)Deficient Data (DD)Not includedPhreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activities; miningDeficient Data (DD)Not includedNot includedPhreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & Schaefer, 2007Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activitiesNot includedCritically Endangered (CR)Not included表2 | 巴西地下鱼类：威胁因素、潜在成因、巴西IUCN红色名录（ICMBio/MMA，2018）、全球IUCN红色名录及保护单元分布 物种|威胁因素|潜在成因|巴西IUCN红色名录（ICMBio/MMA，2018）|全球IUCN红色名录|保护单元 Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965|含水层水位下降；生境物理改变|果树灌溉用自流井；气候变化|濒危（EN）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996|基准面溪流水位下降；地下排水渠淤积；旅游活动|源头区大规模农业与灌溉项目；源头森林砍伐；无管理旅游；气候变化|易危（VU）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987|基准面溪流水位下降；旅游活动|源头区大规模农业与灌溉项目；源头森林砍伐；无管理旅游；气候变化|濒危（EN）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997|生境污染；生境物理改变|农业农药使用；水泥生产采矿|易危（VU）|未纳入|博多凯纳山国家公园范围 Ancistrus sp. “bodoquena”|生境物理改变|森林砍伐；水泥生产采矿项目|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Aspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017|生境污染；生境物理改变；食物资源受限|农业农药使用；生活污水排放；水泥生产采矿项目；洞穴周边森林砍伐|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Trichomycterus itacarambiensis de Pinna & Trajano, 1996|生境物理改变；食物资源受限|洞穴内水资源开发水坝；气候变化|极危（CR）|未纳入|佩鲁阿苏洞穴国家公园范围 Trichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa-Jr, Trajano & Bichuette, 2011|生境物理改变；生境污染|水泥生产采矿项目；农业灌溉水资源开发；洞穴周边森林砍伐（农业与牧场）；气候变化|易危（VU）|未纳入|博多凯纳山国家公园（部分区域）范围 Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012|食物资源受限；生境物理改变；上层饱水带水位下降|洞穴周边森林砍伐（农业、牧场与木炭生产）；潜在大规模采矿项目；气候变化|易危（VU）|未纳入|未纳入 Trichomycterus sp. “ramalho”|基准面溪流水位下降；食物资源受限|洞穴周边森林砍伐（牧场与木炭生产）；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Trichomycterus sp. “iu iu”|基准面溪流水位下降；食物资源受限|农业与牧场用森林砍伐（小规模）；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Ituglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002|基准面溪流水位下降；地下排水渠淤积；食物资源受限|农业与牧场用森林砍伐（小规模）；气候变化|易危（VU）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ituglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004|包气带支流淤积；包气带支流水位下降；旅游活动|无管理旅游；气候变化|极危（CR）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ituglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004|表层岩溶带（上层含水层）水位下降；生境物理改变；旅游活动|气候变化；无管理旅游|易危（VU）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ituglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004|包气带支流水位下降；生境物理改变；旅游活动|气候变化；无管理旅游|易危（VU）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ituglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008|食物资源受限；地下排水渠淤积|周边区域森林砍伐（农业与牧场）|濒危（EN）|未纳入|未纳入 Ituglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015|食物资源受限；地下排水渠淤积|周边区域森林砍伐（农业与牧场）|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|韦梅柳河环境保护区（APA） Ituglanis sp. “terra ronca”|无数据|无数据|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|特罗纳卡州立公园 Ituglanis sp. “posse”|生境物理改变；上层饱水带水位下降|洞穴内水资源开发水坝；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Ituglanis sp. “canastra”|食物资源受限；基准面溪流水位下降|周边区域森林砍伐；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|卡纳斯特拉山国家公园范围 Glaphyropoma spinosum Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano, 2008|生境物理改变；旅游活动|非法淘金（garimpo）；无管理旅游|易危（VU）|未纳入|迪亚曼蒂纳高地国家公园 Copionodon sp. “igatu”|生境物理改变；旅游活动|非法淘金（garimpo）；无管理旅游|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|迪亚曼蒂纳高地国家公园 Pimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)|生境污染（生活污水及其他）；过度采集；生境物理改变|土地使用无序；监管薄弱；洞穴无序游览|濒危（EN）|数据缺乏（DD）|阿尔托里贝拉旅游州立公园 Pimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2007|包气带支流水位下降；生境物理改变；旅游活动|气候变化；无管理旅游|濒危（EN）|未纳入|特罗纳卡州立公园 Pimelodella sp. “açungui”|生境物理改变|小型水电站（SHPS）|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005|食物资源受限；生境物理改变；基准面溪流水位下降|洞穴周边森林砍伐（农业、牧场与木炭生产）；潜在大规模采矿项目；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdia sp. “bodoquena”|生境物理改变|洞穴周边森林砍伐；水泥生产采矿项目|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdiopsis krugi Bockmann & Castro, 2010|地下排水渠淤积；食物资源受限；含水层水位下降；部分含水层污染；部分洞穴旅游活动|洞穴周边森林砍伐；自流井安装；农业农药使用；无管理旅游|易危（VU）|未纳入|未纳入 Rhamdiopsis sp. “gonçalo”|含水层水位下降；生境物理改变|人类消费与农业用水取水及自流井安装（小规模）；旧硝石勘探|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdiopsis sp. “cordisburgo”|无数据|无数据|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdiopsis sp. “ramalho”，两个种群/形态型|上层饱水带水位下降；生境物理改变|人类消费与农业用水取水（小规模）；洞穴内水坝|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Rhamdiopsis sp. “caatinga”|含水层水位下降；生境物理改变|人类消费与农业用水取水（小规模）；洞穴内水坝|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Phenacorhamdia sp. “posse”|生境物理改变；上层饱水带水位下降|洞穴内水坝；水资源开发；气候变化|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905|生境破碎化；食物资源受限|农业与牧场用森林砍伐|无危（LC）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Phreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007|生境破碎化；食物资源受限|农业与牧场用森林砍伐；采矿|数据缺乏（DD）|数据缺乏（DD）|未纳入 Phreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & Schaefer, 2007|生境破碎化；食物资源受限|农业与牧场用森林砍伐|数据缺乏（DD）|极危（CR）|未纳入