Table_1_Circulatory Level of Inflammatory Cytoskeleton Signaling Regime Proteins in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis.docx

Early detection of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is a serious issue for the healthcare system. It is essential to develop potential non-invasive, low-cost molecular biomarkers. The present study explored specific serum proteins of inflammatory, MAPK, and cytoskeletal signaling pathways involved in the progression of MBC to establish a panel of blood-based diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Healthy-control (HC), non-metastatic (NM), and metastatic (M) (pre- and post-therapy) breast cancer (BC) patients were recruited. LOX5, Rac1, Rac1b, p38α, phospho-p38α (Y182), LIMK1, phospho-LIMK1 (T508), cofilin1, and phospho-cofilin1 (S3) were quantified in the serum of the study group by real-time label-free surface plasmon resonance technology and verified by Western blot. Proteins were found to be significantly elevated in the serum of BC patients compared to HC and also higher in M compared to NM, which further downregulated in post-therapy M patients. Elevation of phospho-LIMK1 and phospho-cofilin1, which are critical for M, was also indicated in the serum level and can differentiate from NM. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) derived area under the curve (AUC) (0.9) is very strong to differentiate between HC and BC. Moreover, the combined ROC of 3 molecules phospho-LIMK, p38α, and phospho-p38α were found to be a potent predictive panel of biomarkers between M and NM with AUC0.95. The panel of inflammatory cytoskeleton signaling regime proteins specified in this study can have significant clinical utility for diagnosis as well as prognosis of MBC at an early stage. The study may have a high translational value in a simple and cost-effective way by avoiding frequent CT/PET scans.