Piezoelectric electrospun fibers for tissue regeneration: synergizing microarchitecture and enhancement strategies

Piezoelectric electrospun fibers, distinguished by their ability to be fabricated into highly flexible, ECM-mimicking architectures and tunable structures that enable efficient conversion of mechanical stimuli into bioelectrical signals, have emerged as promising piezoelectric scaffolds in tissue engineering. This review presents a novel and systematic analysis of integrated multidimensional approaches to enhance piezoelectric performance in electrospun fibers, with an emphasis on microarchitecture self-enhancement strategies, piezoelectric coupling, enhanced crystallinity, stress concentration, spatial confinement, and interface-anchored enhancement strategies. Additionally, various methods for generating electrical signals within these fibers are detailed, along with their diverse applications in tissue engineering. Finally, the challenges and future directions for piezoelectric electrospun fibers are discussed, aiming to provide valuable insights into the design of new high-performance piezoelectric scaffolds and next-generation tissue scaffolds.