THE MEDICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CONDITIONALLY PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND THE RELEVANCE OF OPTIMIZING CONTROL MEASURES

Millions of individuals have been infected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in a public health emergency and a considerable number of fatalities. It is challenging to stop SARS-CoV-2 from spreading throughout the community since it can transfer from person to person through a variety of channels, primarily respiratory droplets. An summary of COVID-19's epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment is given below. Based on the widely held belief that customizing interventions, practices, and/or therapies to each patient's unique clinical, biological, epidemiological, and genetic characteristics would maximize their efficacy and minimize side effects, personalized medicine has been gradually incorporated into a number of diagnostic and therapeutic patient algorithms. Recently, the precision medicine approach's potential advantages have been examined for prospective application in the field of infection prevention and control. The coronavirus has spread quickly due to direct person-to-person respiratory transmission. The present clinical therapy of COVID-19 consists of symptom management, infection prevention and control measures, optimized supportive care, and intensive care support in cases of severe or critical disease because there are currently no clinically established treatment options. Nowadays, creating a successful vaccination is a top scientific focus. The regulatory bodies have already authorized a few vaccines to prevent COVID-19. The opinion examines the information that is currently available and evaluates potential future scenarios in which we might be able to deliver personalized prediction algorithms that identify at-risk patients who should receive customized preventive treatments using sophisticated modeling techniques. To reduce the danger of infection, general prevention and protection measures pertaining to the containment and control of the second or third waves are required. Two vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) have acquired FDA emergency use permission, and four vaccinations have demonstrated varying efficacies ranging from 62 to 95% thus far. Millions of lives will be saved if these vaccines are distributed effectively and have equitable access in every nation.新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）大流行已导致数百万人感染，引发公共卫生紧急事件并造成大量死亡病例。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）可通过多种途径在人际间传播，其中以呼吸道飞沫为主要传播途径，因此遏制其在社区内的传播颇具挑战。下文将对COVID-19的流行病学、病原学、临床表现、诊断及治疗方案进行综述。基于“根据每位患者独特的临床、生物学、流行病学及遗传特征定制干预措施、诊疗方案或治疗手段，可最大化疗效并降低不良反应”这一普遍共识，个性化医疗（personalized medicine）已逐步被纳入多款患者诊疗算法中。近期，研究人员已探讨了精准医疗（precision medicine）策略在感染防控领域的潜在应用价值。该冠状病毒可通过直接人际呼吸道传播，因此传播速度极快。由于目前尚无获批的临床确定性治疗方案，COVID-19的现行临床治疗手段包括症状管理、感染防控措施、优化的支持性治疗，以及针对重症或危重症患者的重症监护支持。时至今日，研发安全有效的疫苗仍是科研领域的核心重点。各国监管机构已批准多款COVID-19预防疫苗上市。本综述梳理了当前已有的研究成果，并评估了未来潜在的应用场景：即通过先进建模技术构建个性化预测算法，识别需接受定制化预防干预的高危患者。为降低感染风险，需针对第二、第三波疫情的防控制定通用预防与防护措施。目前，两款疫苗（辉瑞/BioNTech（Pfizer/BioNTech）与莫德纳（Moderna））已获得美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）的紧急使用授权，另有四款疫苗的有效率在62%至95%之间不等。若这些疫苗能在全球范围内实现高效分发与公平接种，将挽救数百万生命。