Replication Data for Manuscript FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2: Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset

These data provide replication materials for the article \"Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset\" (Manuscript ID: FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2), accepted for publication at Foreign Policy Analysis. The Human Intelligence Exposure (HEX) dataset provides systematically collected data on publicly reported espionage exposures involving human intelligence (HUMINT) operations, spanning the years 1946 through 2010. HEX includes 483 observations across 47 unique dyads involving 48 states, specifically focusing on exposures by or against the United States. Collected from nearly 5000 open-source articles, HEX quantifies espionage exposures involving both U.S. agents and foreign agents acting against the U.S. and provides the first publicly available dataset of its kind for further research. Each exposure in the dataset includes detailed information such as accused agents' primary motivations categorized by the acronym MICE: Money, Ideology, Coercion, Ego, or official state agent affiliation. The dataset also records the profession of accused of alleged agents, spanning military personnel, intelligence and police officials, diplomats, journalists, academics, businesspeople, engineers, aid workers, and clergy. HEX tracks judicial outcomes including convictions, fines, minimum and maximum sentencing, life imprisonment (82 cases), and death sentences (229 cases). Additionally, it includes non-judicial outcomes such as defections, expulsions, and agent trades. HEX provides a publicly available empirical foundation for research on how human espionage exposures shape international security, strategic decision-making, diplomatic relations, and domestic and international audience reactions. Scholars, policymakers, and practitioners can leverage HEX to analyze patterns in espionage, evaluate counterintelligence effectiveness, and explore espionage-related strategic behavior over time. Future dataset expansions will broaden coverage globally, enabling deeper investigation into global intelligence dynamics and contributing further to espionage studies, security policy analysis, and interdisciplinary applications.本数据集为发表于《外交政策分析》（Foreign Policy Analysis）、稿件编号为FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2的论文《引入人类情报曝光数据集》（Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset）提供复现材料。人类情报曝光数据集（Human Intelligence Exposure，简称HEX）系统性收录了1946年至2010年间公开报道的涉及人类情报（Human Intelligence，简称HUMINT）行动的间谍曝光事件数据。该数据集包含47组独特双边关系下的483条记录，涉及48个国家，且特别聚焦于以美国为对象或由美国发起的间谍曝光事件。数据集从近5000篇公开来源文章中采集数据，量化了涉及美国情报人员以及针对美国的外国情报人员的间谍曝光事件，是同类中首个可公开获取的数据集，可供后续研究使用。数据集中的每一起曝光事件均包含详细信息，例如被指控情报人员的核心动机，该动机以缩写MICE分类：金钱（Money）、意识形态（Ideology）、胁迫（Coercion）、个人虚荣（Ego）以及官方国家特工身份隶属。数据集还记录了被指控情报人员的职业类别，涵盖军事人员、情报与警务官员、外交官、记者、学者、商人、工程师、援助人员以及神职人员。HEX记录了司法处置结果，包括定罪、罚款、量刑区间（最低与最高刑期）、无期徒刑（共82起）以及死刑判决（共229起）。此外，数据集还收录了非司法处置结果，例如叛逃、驱逐出境以及情报人员交换。HEX为研究人类间谍曝光事件如何影响国际安全、战略决策、外交关系以及国内外受众反应提供了可公开获取的实证基础。学者、政策制定者与实务工作者可借助HEX分析间谍活动模式、评估反情报工作成效，并长期探索与间谍活动相关的战略行为。未来该数据集将进行扩容，扩大全球覆盖范围，以支持对全球情报动态的更深入研究，进一步推动间谍活动研究、安全政策分析以及跨学科应用。