Predators modify the evolutionary response of prey to temperature change

As climate regimes shift in many ecosystems worldwide, evolution may be a critical process allowing persistence in rapidly changing environments. Organisms regularly interact with other species, yet whether climate-mediated evolution can occur in the context of species interactions is not well understood. We tested whether a species interaction could modify evolutionary responses to temperature. We demonstrate that predation pressure by Dipteran larvae (Chaoborus americanus) modified the evolutionary response of a freshwater crustacean (Daphnia pulex) to its thermal environment over approximately seven generations in laboratory conditions. Daphnia kept at 21°C evolved higher population growth rates than those kept at 18°C, but only in those populations that were also reared with predators. Furthermore, predator-mediated selection resulted in the evolution of elevated Daphnia thermal plasticity. This laboratory natural selection experiment demonstrates that biotic interactions can modify...随着全球众多生态系统的气候格局发生转变，演化或许是生物在快速变化的环境中得以存续的关键过程。生物会频繁与其他物种发生相互作用，但目前学界对物种相互作用背景下气候介导的演化是否能够发生仍知之甚少。本研究旨在探究物种相互作用是否会改变生物对温度的演化响应。本研究证实，在实验室条件下历经约7代培育后，双翅目幼虫（美洲幽蚊*Chaoborus americanus*）的捕食压力会改变淡水甲壳动物蚤状溞（*Daphnia pulex*）对其热环境的演化响应。在21℃环境下培育的蚤状溞种群，其种群增长率相较于18℃组更高，但这一现象仅出现在同时与捕食者共培养的种群中。此外，捕食者介导的选择作用还促使蚤状溞的热可塑性（thermal plasticity）得到提升。本实验室自然选择实验证实，生物间的相互作用能够改变……