Mammal Diversity Database

Accurate taxonomy is central to the study of biological diversity, as it provides the needed evolutionary framework for taxon sampling and interpreting results. While the number of recognized species in the class Mammalia has increased through time, tabulation of those increases has relied on the sporadic release of revisionary compendia like the <em>Mammal Species of the World</em> (MSW) series. Here, we present the <strong>Mammal Diversity Database</strong> (MDD), a digital, publically accessible, and updateable list of all mammalian species, now available online: https://mammaldiversity.org. The MDD will continue to be updated as manuscripts describing new species and higher taxonomic changes are released. Starting from the baseline of the 3rd edition of MSW (MSW3), we performed a review of taxonomic changes published since 2004 and digitally linked species names to their original descriptions and subsequent revisionary articles in an interactive, hierarchical database. The MDD provides the mammalogical community with an updateable online database of taxonomic changes, joining digital efforts already established for amphibians (AmphibiaWeb, AMNH’s Amphibian Species of the World), birds (e.g., Avibase, IOC World Bird List, HBW Alive), non-avian reptiles (The Reptile Database), and fish (e.g., FishBase, Catalog of Fishes). Development for this work is funded primarily by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), with initial logistical and planning support (2017-2019) provided by the NSF Vertlife Terrestrial grant. Logistical support is now provided by the Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center at Arizona State University. The ASM Biodiversity Committee compiles and maintains the MDD, curating regular releases that are downloadable in comma-delimited format. Downstream goals include expanded hosting of ecological, trait, and taxonomic data. Overall, this initiative aims to promote the ASM’s role as a leader in high quality research on mammalian biology. <strong>Version 1.0</strong> (1 Feb 2018; described in https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx147). We found 6,495 species of currently recognized mammals (96 recently extinct, 6,399 extant), compared to 5,416 in MSW3 (75 extinct, 5,341 extant)—an increase of 1,079 species in about 13 years, including 11 species newly described as having gone extinct in the last 500 years. We tabulate 1,251 new species recognitions, at least 172 unions, and multiple major, higher-level changes, including an additional 88 genera (1,314 now, compared to 1,226 in MSW3) and 14 newly recognized families (167 compared to 153). Analyses of the description of new species through time and across biogeographic regions show a long-term global rate of ~25 species recognized per year, with the Indomalayan biogeographic region as the overall most species-dense for mammals globally (127.1 species/km²), followed by Australasia-Oceania (90.6) and the Neotropics (85.1). <strong>References</strong> BURGIN, C. J., J. P. COLELLA, P. L. KAHN, AND N. S. UPHAM. 2018. How many species of mammals are there? Journal of Mammalogy 99:1–14. WILSON, D. E., AND D. M. REEDER. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. # FILES: MDD_v1_6495species_JMamm.csv -- CSV version of the MDD v1.0 list of recognized species of mammals (extant, domestic, and recently extinct). <br> SupplementaryDataS1_BurginColellaKahnUpham2018_updated.xlsx -- Excel version of the MDD v1.0 taxonomy including additional tabs of metadata and the geographic breakdown of species by realm.准确的分类学系统是生物多样性研究的核心，因其为类群采样与结果解读提供了必要的演化框架。尽管哺乳纲（Mammalia）的公认物种数量随时间推移不断增长，但这类数量统计长期依赖《世界哺乳动物物种》（*Mammal Species of the World*，MSW）系列这类不定期发布的修订性汇编。本文介绍**哺乳动物多样性数据库**（Mammal Diversity Database，MDD）——一款数字化、可公开获取且支持更新的全哺乳动物物种名录，现已上线：https://mammaldiversity.org。 MDD将随描述新物种与高级分类单元变更的研究论文发布持续更新。本数据库以MSW第三版（MSW3）为基准，梳理了2004年以来发表的所有分类学变更内容，并将物种名称与其原始描述文献及后续修订性论文进行数字化关联，构建出交互式分级数据库。 MDD为哺乳动物学研究者提供了可更新的分类学变更在线数据库，与已有的两栖类（AmphibiaWeb、美国自然历史博物馆《世界两栖动物物种》）、鸟类（如Avibase、IOC世界鸟类名录、HBW Alive）、非鸟类爬行类（《爬行动物数据库》）及鱼类（如FishBase、《鱼类目录》）的数字化项目形成补充。 本项目开发主要由美国哺乳动物学会（American Society of Mammalogists，ASM）资助，2017-2019年的初始后勤与规划支持由NSF Vertlife Terrestrial项目提供，当前后勤支持由亚利桑那州立大学生物多样性知识整合中心提供。ASM生物多样性委员会负责编纂与维护MDD，推出可下载为逗号分隔值（comma-delimited，CSV）格式的定期更新版本。 本项目下游开发目标包括拓展生态、功能性状与分类数据的托管服务。总体而言，本倡议旨在强化ASM在哺乳动物生物学高质量研究领域的领军地位。 **版本1.0**（2018年2月1日；相关研究描述见https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx147）。本次统计共收录当前公认的哺乳动物物种6495种（其中近期灭绝种96种，现生种6399种），而MSW3中收录的物种为5416种（灭绝种75种，现生种5341种）——约13年间增长了1079种，其中包括11种被新认定为近500年内灭绝的物种。我们统计到1251个新认定的物种、至少172个类群合并事件，以及多项重大高级分类单元变更，包括新增88个属（当前共1314个属，MSW3中为1226个）和14个新认定的科（当前共167个科，MSW3中为153个）。 对不同时间与生物地理区域的新物种描述分析显示，全球长期平均每年新认定约25个物种；东洋界（Indomalayan）生物地理区域的哺乳动物物种密度全球最高（127.1种/平方千米），其次为澳大拉西亚-大洋洲（Australasia-Oceania，90.6种/平方千米）与新热带界（Neotropics，85.1种/平方千米）。 **参考文献** BURGIN, C. J., J. P. COELLA, P. L. KAHN, AND N. S. UPHAM. 2018. How many species of mammals are there? Journal of Mammalogy 99:1–14. WILSON, D. E., AND D. M. REEDER. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. # 文件列表： MDD_v1_6495species_JMamm.csv —— MDD v1.0版公认哺乳动物物种（现生、驯养及近期灭绝物种）名录的逗号分隔值（CSV）格式文件。 SupplementaryDataS1_BurginColellaKahnUpham2018_updated.xlsx —— MDD v1.0版分类学信息的Excel格式文件，包含额外的元数据标签页及各生物地理界的物种分布细分数据。