MANOVA results for spatial pattern variables.

The t values test the hypothesis that the response between levels of main effects are equal, and significant (α = 0.01) differences are indicated in boldface. All three main effects were significant in both years. Only the fire × harvest interaction was always significant and was included in the model. Significant interactions are indicated by asterisks.**P Positive t value means that response variable increases as climate warms.£Positive t value means that response variable increases as fires increases.§Positive t value means that response variable increases when harvest is added.AI is the aggregation index of He et al. (2000) that reflects the tendency of like cells to be adjacent, SHDI is Shannon diversity index that reflects the heterogeneity of landscape.