典型高寒沙区植被恢复技术体系研究与示范
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本项目属于荒漠化防治领域退化土地植被恢复与重建技术研究，是以国家“十一五”科技支撑专题“青海高寒沙化草地退化植被恢复技术研究与试验示范（2006BAD26B10）、行业公益性专项 “高寒沙地防护林生态服务功能研究”（201204203）和国家级推广项目“优良沙旱生灌木栽培技术推广与示范”（2011-26）为依托，针对青海共和盆地高寒沙区优良沙生植物缺乏、沙化土地治理难度大，现有防护林衰退严重等现实问题，以共和盆地典型试验区为研究对象，通过建立试验示范区，采用野外调查监测和室内模拟实验相结合的方法，开展了高寒沙区沙化土地综合治理技术研究、示范与推广，提出了高寒沙区植被恢复技术体系、不同类型防护林生态服务功能综合评价技术体系等。通过该项目的实施，试验示范区造林成活率在原有基础上平均提高了12.3%，保存率平均提高了10.2%，植被覆盖度平均提高了36.7%。共和盆地沙化面积与2006年相比减少了18.61%，植被覆盖度增加了2.01%，有效提高了共和盆地荒漠化防治的速度和成效，为高寒脆弱区生态林业工程建设提供了理论依据和技术支撑。项目主要研究内容如下： 1.沙障和植物固沙相结合的流沙固定技术研究 针对高寒沙区自然特点和立地条件，采用工程与植物措施相结合的技术手段，建立不同材料、不同规格配置的机械沙障，发明利用覆盖板引导植物沙障形成快速固定流沙。筛选出8种适合流动沙丘、丘间地及平沙地的造林树种，并引进“种植绳”技术材料，提出了适合高寒沙区的低成本无灌溉造林技术，建立了机械沙障和植物固沙相结合的流沙固定技术体系。 2.高寒沙区退化草地恢复与改良技术 选取共和盆地典型退化草场为研究基地，根据植被退化程度、生境条件、恢复状况等情况，将退化草地划分为中度退化草场、重度退化草场及严重沙化草地三种类型，根据草地承载力及防风固沙效能，确定其植被快速恢复与改良技术措施，提出高寒沙区退化草地恢复与改良技术体系。 3.高寒沙地防护林生态服务功能研究 选取高寒沙地典型防护林类型，通过建立防护林生态服务功能评价指标体系，对不同类型防护林防风固沙、改善小气候、固碳、改良土壤等主导生态服务功能进行综合研究与评价，提出高寒沙区防护林优化配置技术及优化的防护林类型，并利用GIS技术对青海共和盆地生态服务功能进行了全面评估。
This project focuses on the research of vegetation restoration and reconstruction technologies for degraded lands in the field of desertification control. This study is supported by three national-level projects: the 11th Five-Year National Science and Technology Support Program project "Research and Experimental Demonstration of Degraded Vegetation Restoration Technologies for Alpine Sandy Grasslands in Qinghai" (Grant No. 2006BAD26B10), the Public Welfare Industry Special Project "Research on Ecological Service Functions of Shelterbelts in Alpine Sandy Lands" (Grant No. 201204203), and the National Popularization Project "Popularization and Demonstration of Cultivation Technologies for Excellent Sandy and Drought-Resistant Shrubs" (Grant No. 2011-26). Aiming at the practical problems in the alpine sandy area of the Gonghe Basin in Qinghai, including the shortage of excellent psammophytes, the difficulty in controlling sandy lands, and the severe decline of existing shelterbelts, this study took the typical experimental zones in the Gonghe Basin as the research object. By establishing experimental demonstration zones and combining field investigation and monitoring with indoor simulation experiments, we conducted research, demonstration and promotion of comprehensive control technologies for sandy lands in alpine sandy areas, and proposed the vegetation restoration technology system for alpine sandy areas and the comprehensive evaluation technology system for ecological service functions of different types of shelterbelts, among others. Through the implementation of this project, the average afforestation survival rate in the experimental demonstration zones increased by 12.3% compared with the original level, the average preservation rate increased by 10.2%, and the average vegetation coverage increased by 36.7%. The sandy land area in the Gonghe Basin decreased by 18.61% compared with that in 2006, and the vegetation coverage increased by 2.01%, which effectively improved the speed and effectiveness of desertification control in the Gonghe Basin, and provided theoretical basis and technical support for the construction of ecological forestry projects in alpine fragile areas. The main research contents of this project are as follows: 1. Research on quicksand fixation technology combining sand barriers and plant sand fixation: Aiming at the natural characteristics and site conditions of alpine sandy areas, we adopted a combination of engineering and plant measures to establish mechanical sand barriers with different materials and specifications, and invented a method of using covering boards to guide plant sand barriers to quickly fix quicksand. Eight afforestation tree species suitable for mobile sand dunes, interdunal lowlands and flat sandy lands were screened out, and the "planting rope" technical materials were introduced. A low-cost, non-irrigation afforestation technology suitable for alpine sandy areas was proposed, and a quicksand fixation technology system combining mechanical sand barriers and plant sand fixation was established. 2. Research on degraded grassland restoration and improvement technologies in alpine sandy areas: We selected typical degraded grasslands in the Gonghe Basin as the research base, and divided the degraded grasslands into three types: moderately degraded grasslands, severely degraded grasslands and severely sandy grasslands according to the degree of vegetation degradation, habitat conditions, restoration status and other factors. Based on the grassland carrying capacity and windbreak and sand-fixation efficiency, we determined the technical measures for rapid vegetation restoration and improvement, and proposed the degraded grassland restoration and improvement technology system for alpine sandy areas. 3. Research on ecological service functions of shelterbelts in alpine sandy lands: We selected typical shelterbelt types in alpine sandy lands, established an evaluation index system for the ecological service functions of shelterbelts, conducted comprehensive research and evaluation on the dominant ecological service functions of different types of shelterbelts, including windbreak and sand-fixation, microclimate improvement, carbon sequestration and soil improvement. We proposed the optimal allocation technology of shelterbelts and optimized shelterbelt types suitable for alpine sandy areas, and conducted a comprehensive assessment of the ecological service functions in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai using GIS technology.
