Language models.

The table lists each investigated LM along with its implementation techniques, source, and time required to train it on a document of median length. Training times are provided in seconds and categorised based on the hardware used: Central Processing Unit (CPU) and High-Performance Computing (HPC) cluster with Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) support. The first five LMs were run exclusively on a CPU, while the remaining two LMs were run on a GPU. For comparison, we also include the computation time required if these two models are run on a CPU. Further implementation details are given in S1 Text.