Adverse events.

Background Ablation or surgical excision is the typical treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Recurrences are common due to the persistence of underlying human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Additional well-tolerated and effective non-surgical options for HPV-associated anal disease are needed. Methods This 3+3 dose escalation Phase I clinical trial evaluated the safety and tolerability of artesunate suppositories in the treatment of patients with biopsy-proven HSIL. Results The maximal tolerated dose was 400 mg, administered in 3 cycles. All adverse events associated with the use 200- and 400-mg artesunate suppositories were Grade 1. At the 600-mg dose, patients experienced clinically significant nausea. Conclusion Artesunate suppositories are a safe treatment option for anal HSIL.