Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination in cow dung of cattle grazing in wastewater treatment plants in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The livestock's intrusion of wastewater treatment plants (WwTPs) poses a risk of livestock consuming toxic metal-contaminated water and palatable grass. The common practice of allowing livestock to graze freely within the perimeters of wastewater treatment plants in Limpopo Province, South Africa, warranted the need to assess the levels of toxic metals in the palatable grass, sludge liquors, and cow’s faecal material to determine the potential risks of contamination.