Data from: Phylogeny and systematics of the bee genus Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) with emphasis on North American Melanosmia: subgenera, synonymies, and nesting biology revisited

The predominantly Holarctic bee genus Osmia Panzer is species-rich and behaviourally diverse. A robust phylogeny of this genus is important for understanding the evolution of the immense variety of morphological and behavioural traits exhibited by this group. We infer a phylogeny of Osmia using DNA sequence data obtained from three nuclear genes (elongation factor 1-α, LW-rhodopsin and CAD) and the mitochondrial gene COI. Our taxon sampling places special attention on North American members of the subgenus Melanosmia Schmiedeknecht; we discuss the novel placement of a number of species traditionally assigned to O. (Melanosmia) and examine the relative support for alternative classifications of this species-rich subgenus. We use this new phylogeny to guide a reassessment of morphological and behavioural characters within Osmia. Our results provide support for the recognition of Osmia (Hapsidosmia), subgen.n., a monotypic subgenus containing Osmia iridis Cockerell & Titus. We synonymize Osmia (Mystacosmia) Snelling under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n. We synonymize Osmia (Acanthosmioides) Ashmead under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n., propose ‘odontogaster species group’ as a replacement for the subgeneric name Acanthosmioides, and refine the morphological characters that serve to diagnose the species group. We additionally propose ‘nigrifrons species group’ for a clade within O. (Melanosmia) containing most species formerly placed in Osmia (Centrosmia) Robertson. We demonstrate more cohesive patterns of nest substrate use in the nigrifrons and odontogaster species groups than was previously believed to occur, reconsider character polarity of aspects of the female mandible, and show that a large number of morphological characters have evolved convergently within the genus. In order to facilitate discussion of relevant taxa, we propose the following 15 new synonymies: O. bakeri Sandhouse under O. melanopleura Cockerell; O. crenulaticornis Michener under O. pinorum Cockerell; O. claremontensis Michener under O. sedula Sandhouse; O. cockerelli Sandhouse under O. dakotensis Michener; O. francisconis White under O. enixa Sandhouse; O. hurdi White under O. austromaritima Michener; O. sladeni Sandhouse under O. nifoata Cockerell; O. titusi Cockerell under O. phenax Cockerell; O. subtrevoris Cockerell, O. physariae Cockerell, and O. erecta Michener under O. giliarum Cockerell; and O. universitatis Cockerell, O. integrella Cockerell, O. amala Cockerell, and O. metitia Cockerell under O. nigrifrons Cresson, syn.n. We remove O. wyomingensis Michener from synonymy with O. nifoata Cockerell, stat.n., and O. pinorum Cockerell from synonymy with O. physariae Cockerell, stat.n.

主要分布于全北界（Holarctic）的壁蜂属（Osmia Panzer）物种丰富且行为多样。构建该属的稳健系统发育关系，对于理解这一类群所展现的海量形态与行为性状演化具有重要意义。本研究依托3个核基因——延伸因子1-α（elongation factor 1-α）、长波视蛋白（LW-rhodopsin）及CAD基因，以及线粒体基因细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I（COI）的序列数据，推断壁蜂属的系统发育树。本研究的类群采样重点关注黑壁蜂亚属（Melanosmia Schmiedeknecht）的北美类群；我们讨论了传统归属于O. (Melanosmia)的多个物种的新分类位置，并检验了该物种丰富亚属的多种替代分类方案的支持度。我们借助这一新构建的系统发育树，重新评估壁蜂属内的形态与行为性状。研究结果支持建立新亚属哈普斯壁蜂亚属（Osmia (Hapsidosmia) subgen.n.），该亚属为单型亚属，仅包含虹膜壁蜂（Osmia iridis Cockerell & Titus）。我们将Mystacosmia Snelling（O. (Mystacosmia)）归为黑壁蜂亚属（O. (Melanosmia)）的新异名（syn.n.），同时将Acanthosmioides Ashmead（O. (Acanthosmioides)）也归为黑壁蜂亚属的新异名；提出“odontogaster物种组”作为Acanthosmioides亚属的替代名称，并修订了用于界定该物种组的形态性状。我们另外为黑壁蜂亚属内的一支演化支提出“nigrifrons物种组”，该类群包含原隶属于Centrosmia Robertson的多数物种。相较于此前认知，本研究揭示了nigrifrons与odontogaster物种组在筑巢基质利用上更为一致的模式；重新考量了雌性上颚相关性状的极性，并证明该属内大量形态性状存在趋同演化现象。为便于相关类群的讨论，我们提出以下15项新异名界定：将O. bakeri Sandhouse归为O. melanopleura Cockerell的新异名；将O. crenulaticornis Michener归为O. pinorum Cockerell的新异名；将O. claremontensis Michener归为O. sedula Sandhouse的新异名；将O. cockerelli Sandhouse归为O. dakotensis Michener的新异名；将O. francisconis White归为O. enixa Sandhouse的新异名；将O. hurdi White归为O. austromaritima Michener的新异名；将O. sladeni Sandhouse归为O. nifoata Cockerell的新异名；将O. titusi Cockerell归为O. phenax Cockerell的新异名；将O. subtrevoris Cockerell、O. physariae Cockerell及O. erecta Michener归为O. giliarum Cockerell的新异名；以及将O. universitatis Cockerell、O. integrella Cockerell、O. amala Cockerell及O. metitia Cockerell归为O. nigrifrons Cresson的新异名（syn.n.）。我们将O. wyomingensis Michener从O. nifoata Cockerell的异名中移除，恢复其独立分类地位（stat.n.）；同时将O. pinorum Cockerell从O. physariae Cockerell的异名中移除，恢复其独立分类地位（stat.n.）。