The simulated wind speed and weather station observation data of WRF-chem in the Taklimakan Desert region after the introduction of the new TOFD, as well as the error statistics of the simulation results of PM10

By introducing a new developed turbulent orographic form drag (TOFD) parameterization scheme with tens-meter-resolution terrain data in the WRF-Chem model, we show that the overestimated surface wind was reduced by 45% during one-month simulations. The surface and near-surface wind RMSEs were reduced significantly against observations from 41 meteorological stations and one radio-sounding station on the Taklimakan Desert, by approximately 20% and 5%. As a result, the overestimated sandstorm area and PM10 were largely reduced based on an investigation in an intense sandstorm event, by approximately 42% and 25%. The results conclusively indicate that the new TOFD scheme with high-resolution terrain data sufficiently resolving the sand dunes can well account for the small dune's drags on the near-surface atmosphere on deserts. The original data provided for reviewers or readers tu verify our study.我们在WRF-Chem模式中引入了基于十米级分辨率地形数据的新型湍流地形形态阻力（turbulent orographic form drag, TOFD）参数化方案后，发现为期一个月的模拟试验中，被高估的地表风速降低了45%。针对塔克拉玛干沙漠41个气象站与1个无线电探空站的观测数据，地表及近地表风速的均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error, RMSE）分别显著降低约20%与5%。在此基础上，针对一次强沙尘暴事件的分析显示，被高估的沙尘暴影响面积与PM10浓度分别大幅降低约42%与25%。研究结果确凿表明，采用可充分解析沙丘形态的高分辨率地形数据的新型TOFD方案，能够较好地模拟沙漠中小沙丘对近地表大气产生的阻力效应。本研究提供了原始数据，以供审稿人与读者验证相关结论。