Contrast-Induced Encephalopathy in Endovascular Neurosurgery

The landscape of vascular neurosurgery has rapidly changed with the widespread adoption of endovascular techniques, whereby pathologies of the brain are accessed via blood vessels, utilising contrast media to visualise the anatomy. Alongside this shift, contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) has emerged as a rare complication of endovascular procedures, presenting as a spectrum of neurological symptoms. CIE remains poorly understood in the clinical context, with limited evidence for decision-making. This thesis is the first to define CIE as a distinct clinical entity, presenting comprehensive data on diagnosis, management, prognosis, pathophysiology, and risk factors.