GRDC-Caravan: extending the original dataset with data from the Global Runoff Data Centre

Large-sample datasets are essential in hydrological science to support modelling studies and global assessments. This dataset is an extension to Caravan, a global community dataset of meteorological forcing data, catchment attributes, and discharge data for catchments around the world (Kratzert et al. 2023). The extension includes a subset of those hydrological discharge data and station-based watersheds from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), which are covered by an open data policy (Attribution 4.0 International; CC BY 4.0). In total, the dataset covers stations from 5356 catchments and 25 countries worldwide with a time series record from 1950 – 2023. GRDC is an international data centre operating under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) at the German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG). Established in 1988, it holds the most substantive collection of quality assured river discharge data worldwide. Primary providers of river discharge data and associated metadata are the National Hydrological and Hydro-Meteorological Services of WMO Member States. Reference: Kratzert, F., Nearing, G., Addor, N. et al. Caravan - A global community dataset for large-sample hydrology. Sci Data 10, 61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01975-w Update: With version 0.2 a bug has been fixed that affected the time series of four bands of all GRDC gauges in the GRDC extension. The affected bands were total_precipitation, surface_net_solar_radiation, surface_net_thermal_radiation and potential_evaporation, i.e. all features that are accumulated over the day, as per definition of ERA5-Land.For details look at https://github.com/kratzert/Caravan/issues/26. Version 0.3: Data description file added.Version 0.4: Added FAO Penman-Monteith PET (potential_evaporation_sum_FAO_PENMAN_MONTEITH) in the meteorological forcing data and renamed the ERA5-LAND potential_evaporation band to potential_evaporation_sum_ERA5_LAND. Also added all PET-related climated indices derived with the Penman-Monteith PET band (suffix "_FAO_PM") and renamed the old PET-related indices accordingly (suffix "_ERA5_LAND").Version 0.5: License overview of the respective countries has been added.Dataset description has been modified and improved.Version 0.6: The attribute tables are sorted alphabetically. Minor inconsistencies in the data description file have been corrected. Dataset structure: The dataset is provided in the following two file formats:1. caravan-grdc-extension-csv.zip: provides the time series data as comma-separated text files (CSV) (downloadable as 8.8 GB zip archive)2. caravan-grdc-extension-nc.zip: provides the time series data in the Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) (downloadable as 7.6 GB zip archive) The data in the versions 0.1-0.3 are identical. Version 0.4 added FAO Penman-Monteith PET (potential_evaporation_sum_FAO_PENMAN_MONTEITH) and renamed the ERA5-LAND potential_evaporation band to potential_evaporation_sum_ERA5_LAND. Further details of the structure of the dataset are described in the data description file.大样本数据集是水文科学领域支撑模拟研究与全球评估的核心基础。本数据集是Caravan（全球流域气象强迫数据、集水区属性与径流数据的社区共享全球数据集，Kratzert等，2023）的扩展版本。 本次扩展纳入了来自全球径流数据中心（Global Runoff Data Centre, GRDC）的部分水文径流数据与台站流域数据集，该数据集遵循开放数据政策（署名4.0国际许可协议；CC BY 4.0）。本数据集总计覆盖全球25个国家的5356个流域台站，时间序列跨度为1950年至2023年。 全球径流数据中心（GRDC）是隶属于世界气象组织（World Meteorological Organization, WMO）、由德国联邦水文研究所（Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, BfG）运营的国际数据中心。该中心成立于1988年，拥有全球规模最大的经质量管控的河川径流数据集。河川径流数据及相关元数据的主要提供方为世界气象组织成员国的国家水文与水文气象服务机构。 参考文献： Kratzert F, Nearing G, Addor N, 等. Caravan——面向大样本水文研究的全球社区数据集. 科学数据, 10, 61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01975-w 版本更新： 0.2版本修复了影响GRDC扩展版中所有GRDC测站四类特征时间序列的缺陷。受影响的特征包括total_precipitation（总降水量）、surface_net_solar_radiation（地表净太阳辐射）、surface_net_thermal_radiation（地表净热辐射）与potential_evaporation（潜在蒸散发），即所有按ERA5-Land定义按日累积的特征。详细信息可参阅https://github.com/kratzert/Caravan/issues/26。 0.3版本：新增数据集描述文件。 0.4版本：在气象强迫数据中新增FAO Penman-Monteith PET（potential_evaporation_sum_FAO_PENMAN_MONTEITH，即FAO彭曼-蒙特斯潜在蒸散发），并将ERA5-LAND潜在蒸散发特征重命名为potential_evaporation_sum_ERA5_LAND；同时新增基于彭曼-蒙特斯潜在蒸散发计算的所有潜在蒸散发相关气候指数（后缀为"_FAO_PM"），并同步重命名原有潜在蒸散发相关指数（后缀改为"_ERA5_LAND"）。 0.5版本：新增各成员国许可协议概览，修订并完善数据集描述内容。 0.6版本：属性表按字母顺序排序，修正了数据集描述文件中的少量不一致问题。 数据集结构： 本数据集提供两种文件格式： 1. caravan-grdc-extension-csv.zip：以逗号分隔文本文件（CSV）格式存储时间序列数据，下载包大小为8.8 GB。 2. caravan-grdc-extension-nc.zip：以网络通用数据格式（Network Common Data Form, NetCDF）存储时间序列数据，下载包大小为7.6 GB。 0.1至0.3版本的数据内容完全一致。0.4版本新增FAO彭曼-蒙特斯潜在蒸散发特征并完成特征重命名（同0.4版本更新说明）。 数据集结构的更多细节可参阅数据集描述文件。