SMURPHS/ACSIS Agung volcanic forcing dataset (mapped to UM wavebands) -- from HErSEA ensemble of interactive strat-aerosol GA4 UM-UKCA runs (Dhomse et al., 2020, ACP)
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The netCDF file uploaded here is a volcanic forcing dataset for the Agung aerosol cloud for use in climate model simulations, produced equivalently to the CMIP6-AER2D volcanic forcing dataset (Arfeuille et al., 2014; Luo, 2016), generated for use within the post-industrial historical integrations for CMIP6 (Eyring et al., 2016).<br> <br> The dataset is specific to UKESM (e.g. Sellar et al., 2019), with waveband-averaged extinction, absorption and asymmetry parameter mapped to the SW & LW wavebands within the SOCRATES radiative transfer module (Edwards and Slingo, 1996; Manners et al., 2017).<br> <br> Whereas the Agung period within the CMIP6-AER2D volcanic forcing dataset (Arfeuille et al., 2014; Luo, 2016) was generated from aerosol microphysics simulations from a 2D model, this SMURPHS/ACSIS dataset is from the ensemble of interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the Agung aerosol cloud with the 3D composition-climate model UM-UKCA (see Dhomse et al., 2020). The main forcing dataset is that from the 3-member mean of the 6Tg @ 20-22km UM-UKCA simulations, matching the "lower SO2 emission, shallow-medium injection height" eruption source parameters realisation within the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment (Timmreck et al., 2018), found to best match with the benchmark observational datasets compared to in the Dhomse et al. (2020) ACP study.<br> <br> A control stratospheric aerosol dataset is also provided, based on the corresponding 3 "no-SO2-emission control" integrations from the Dhomse et al. (2020) simulations, then representing the quiescent stratospheric aerosol layer for 1963-1966 (different then from the "average volcanism" background dataset provided for use in the CMIP6 pre-industrial control).<br> <br> The original 3D-monthly-mean data from the UM-UKCA interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations has been zonally-averaged for this dataset, to match the same structure as for the CMIP6-AER2D dataset. The latitude resolution of the dataset is 1.25 degrees with 85 hybrid-height vertical levels (see Sellar et al., 2019). The aerosol optical properties are averaged across the usual 6 UM wavebands in the SW and the 9 wavebands in the LW.<br> <br> The 1.25 degree resolution matches the ENDGAME N96E horizontal grid for UKESM1 (re-gridded from New Dynamics grid in GA4).<br> <br> The L85 vertical resolution of the dataset is the same vertical model grid used in the GA4 UM-UKCA N96L85 simulations,<br> as also required identically for use within UKESM1.<br> <br> <strong>References</strong> Arfeuille, F., Weisenstein, D., Mack, H., Rozanov, E., Peter, T. and Broenimann, S.<br> "Volcanic forcing for climate modeling: a new microphysics-based data set covering years 1600-present",<br> Clim. Past, 10, 359-375, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014<br> <br> Dhomse, S. S., Mann, G. W., Antuna Marrero, J.-C., Shallcross, S. E., Chipperfield, M. P., Carslaw, K. S. et al. (2020):<br> "Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds", <br> <em>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</em>, <strong>20</strong>, 13627–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020 Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. (1996): <br> "Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model",<br> <em>Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.</em>, <strong>122</strong> <strong>, </strong>689–719, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107 Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J. and Taylor, K. E. (2016):<br> "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization",<br> <em>Geosci. Mod. Dev.</em>, <strong>9</strong>, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Luo, B.: Stratospheric aerosol data for use in CMIP6 models, available at: ftp://iacftp.ethz.ch/pub_read/luo/CMIP6/Readme_Data_Description.pdf, 2016.<br> <br> Manners, J., Edwards, J. M., Hill, P. and Thelen, J.-C. (2017):<br> "SOCRATES Technical Guide -- Suite Of Community RAdiative Transfer codes based on Edwards and Slingo"<br> <em>Technical Guide. Met Office, UK</em>. Available at: https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates. Sellar, A., Jones, C. G., Mulcahy, J. P., Tang, Y., Yool, A., Wiltshire, A., O'Connor, F. M., Stringer, M. et al. (2019):<br> "UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model"<br> <em>J. Adv. in Modelling Earth Systems</em>, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739 Timmreck, C. E., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Bruehl, C., Carn, S. et al. (2018):<br> "The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design"<br> Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581-2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018
本地上传的网络通用数据格式（netCDF）文件为适用于气候模式模拟的阿贡火山气溶胶云强迫数据集，其制作标准与CMIP6-AER2D火山强迫数据集（Arfeuille等，2014；Luo，2016）一致，专为耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）的后工业化历史积分实验开发（Eyring等，2016）。 本数据集专为英国地球系统模式（UKESM，如Sellar等，2019）开发，将波段平均的消光系数、吸收系数与不对称参数映射至SOCRATES辐射传输模块（Edwards与Slingo，1996；Manners等，2017）内的短波（Short Wave，SW）与长波（Long Wave，LW）波段。 相较于CMIP6-AER2D火山强迫数据集（Arfeuille等，2014；Luo，2016）中的阿贡火山时期数据集由二维模式的气溶胶微物理模拟生成，本SMURPHS/ACSIS数据集则基于三维化学-气候模式UM-UKCA对阿贡火山气溶胶云的交互式平流层气溶胶模拟集合（详见Dhomse等，2020）。核心强迫数据集取自6Tg（注入高度20~22km）的UM-UKCA模拟结果的3成员集合平均，匹配ISA-MIP HErSEA实验中“低SO2排放、中浅注入高度”的火山喷发源参数设置，该设置在Dhomse等（2020）的《Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics（ACP）》研究中被证实与基准观测数据集匹配度最优。 本数据集同时提供平流层气溶胶对照数据集，基于Dhomse等（2020）模拟中对应的3组“无SO2排放对照”积分实验，用于表征1963-1966年的平静期平流层气溶胶层，该数据集与CMIP6工业化前对照实验所用的“平均火山活动”背景数据集存在差异。 为匹配CMIP6-AER2D数据集的结构，本数据集对UM-UKCA交互式平流层气溶胶模拟的原始三维逐月平均数据进行了纬向平均处理。数据集的纬度分辨率为1.25°，包含85层混合高度垂直层（详见Sellar等，2019）。气溶胶光学特性在短波（SW）的常规6个UM波段与长波（LW）的9个波段间分别进行平均。 该1.25°分辨率与UKESM1所用的ENDGAME N96E水平网格一致（该网格由GA4中的New Dynamics网格重网格化得到）。 本数据集的L85垂直分辨率与GA4中UM-UKCA N96L85模拟所用的垂直模式网格完全一致，该配置同样适配UKESM1的运行要求。 **参考文献** Arfeuille, F.、Weisenstein, D.、Mack, H.、Rozanov, E.、Peter, T. 与 Broenimann, S.（2014）：《用于气候模拟的火山强迫：一套覆盖1600年至今的新型微物理数据集》，*Clim. Past*，10卷，359-375页，https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014 Dhomse, S. S.、Mann, G. W.、Antuna Marrero, J.-C.、Shallcross, S. E.、Chipperfield, M. P.、Carslaw, K. S. 等（2020）：《评估1963年阿贡火山、1982年埃尔奇琼火山与1991年皮纳图博火山气溶胶云的模拟辐射强迫、气溶胶特性与平流层增温》，*Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics（ACP）*，20卷，13627–13654页，https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020 Edwards, J. M. 与 Slingo, A.（1996）：《灵活新型辐射代码研究 I：为大尺度模式选择配置方案》，*Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.*，122卷，689–719页，https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107 Eyring, V.、Bony, S.、Meehl, G. A.、Senior, C. A.、Stevens, B.、Stouffer, R. J. 与 Taylor, K. E.（2016）：《耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）实验设计与组织概述》，*Geosci. Mod. Dev.*，9卷，1937–1958页，https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Luo, B.（2016）：《适用于CMIP6模式的平流层气溶胶数据集》，可获取于：ftp://iacftp.ethz.ch/pub_read/luo/CMIP6/Readme_Data_Description.pdf Manners, J.、Edwards, J. M.、Hill, P. 与 Thelen, J.-C.（2017）：《SOCRATES技术指南——基于Edwards与Slingo的社区辐射代码套件》，*Technical Guide. Met Office, UK*，可获取于：https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates Sellar, A.、Jones, C. G.、Mulcahy, J. P.、Tang, Y.、Yool, A.、Wiltshire, A.、O'Connor, F. M.、Stringer, M. 等（2019）：《UKESM1：英国地球系统模式的描述与评估》，*J. Adv. in Modelling Earth Systems*，https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739 Timmreck, C. E.、Mann, G. W.、Aquila, V.、Hommel, R.、Lee, L. A.、Schmidt, A.、Bruehl, C.、Carn, S. 等（2018）：《交互式平流层气溶胶模式比较计划（ISA-MIP）：动机与实验设计》，*Geosci. Model Dev.*，11卷，2581-2608页，https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018
