ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS

This article examines the causes of allergic reactions, the mechanisms of their development, their types, and their clinical effects on the human body. Allergy is an excessive sensitivity of the immune system to external or internal allergens. The article describes in detail the immunological basis of allergic reactions, IgE-related processes, and the role of mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin. The pathogenesis of severe forms such as anaphylactic shock, Quincke’s edema, and bronchial asthma, as well as the clinical importance of their early diagnosis, are also discussed.本文探讨了过敏反应的致病诱因、发生机制、分型及其对人体的临床影响。过敏是指免疫系统对外部或内部变应原（allergens）产生的过度敏感反应。本文详细阐述了过敏反应的免疫学基础、与免疫球蛋白E（IgE）相关的免疫过程，以及组胺、血清素和缓激肽等介质的作用。此外，本文还探讨了过敏性休克、昆克水肿（Quincke’s edema）、支气管哮喘等重症过敏反应的发病机制，以及早期诊断的临床重要性。