Kangaroos display gazing and gaze alternations during an unsolvable problem task

Domestication is generally assumed to have resulted in enhanced
communication abilities between non-primate mammals and humans, although
the number of species studied is very limited (e.g. cats, Felis catus;
dogs, Canis familiaris; wolves, Canis lupus; goats, Capra hircus;
horses, Equus caballus). In species without hands for pointing, gazing at
humans when dealing with inaccessible food during an unsolvable task, and
in particular gaze alternations between a human and the unsolvable task
(considered forms of showing), are often interpreted as attempts at
referential intentional communication. We report that kangaroos, marsupial
mammals that have never been domesticated, actively gazed at an
experimenter during an unsolvable problem task (10/11 kangaroos tested),
thus challenging the notion that this behavior results from domestication.
Nine of the ten kangaroos additionally showed gaze alternations between
the unsolvable task and experimenter. We propose that the potential
occurrence of these behaviors displayed towards humans has been
underestimated, owing to a narrow focus on domestic animals, as well as a
more general eutherian research bias.