Data from: Phylogeny of genus Cupuladria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in the Neogene of tropical America

We used 57 morphometric characters to discriminate 17 extant and fossil Cupuladria species and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships in relation to extant Discoporella species. Data were gathered from 496 extant and fossil Cupuladria specimens ranging in age from early Miocene to Recent and distributed from the Caribbean to tropical eastern Pacific. A first series of discriminant analyses distinguished three morphological groups: Cupuladria with vicarious avicularia, Cupuladria without vicarious avicularia, and Discoporella. Further discriminant analyses identified 17 species of Cupuladria. Cladistic analyses of these three groups yielded four equally parsimonious trees. All of the consensus trees exhibited the same topology, dividing the 25 tropical American cupuladriids into four distinct monophyletic clades, including Discoporella, and are consistent with previous molecular phylogenies except that there are no molecular data for the CV2 clade. Diversification of species was higher in the CV1 and CV2 clades than CNV clade, and involved mostly Caribbean species. Cupuladria with vicarious clade 1 (CV1) includes: C. monotrema, C. pacificiensis, C. exfragminis, C. cheethami, C. biporosa, and four new species: C. pervagata, C. floridensis, C. colonensis and C. dominicana. Cupuladria with vicarious clade 2 (CV2) includes: C. multesima, C. incognita, and three new species C. collyrida, C. veracruxiensis and C. planissima. Cupuladria clade without vicarious (CNV) includes: C. surinamensis, C. panamensis, and one new species C. gigas. The stratigraphic occurrence of species is consistent with cladogram topology within clades. However hypothesized cladistic relations among clades are the reverse of their stratigraphic occurrence with younger clade CNV appearing as the hypothetical ancestor of the two older clades CV1 and CV2. More extensive collections of early to middle Miocene specimens of Cupuladria and Discoporella will be required to resolve this apparent paradox.

本研究采用57个形态测量特征，对17个现生及化石杯孔苔虫属（Cupuladria）物种进行判别，并分析其与现生盘孔苔虫属（Discoporella）物种的系统发育关系。研究数据采集自496件现生及化石杯孔苔虫属标本，标本年代跨度为早中新世至现代，分布范围涵盖加勒比海至东太平洋热带海域。首轮判别分析将类群划分为3个形态组：具替代型鸟头体的杯孔苔虫属类群、无替代型鸟头体的杯孔苔虫属类群，以及盘孔苔虫属类群。进一步的判别分析成功区分出17个杯孔苔虫属物种。对上述3个类群开展支序分析，共得到4棵同等最简约树。所有合意树的拓扑结构一致，将25种美洲热带杯孔苔虫类群划分为4个独立的单系支，其中包含盘孔苔虫属；该结果与既往分子系统发育研究结论基本一致，但CV2支尚未有分子数据支撑。CV1和CV2支的物种多样化程度高于CNV支，且多样化过程主要涉及加勒比海物种。具替代型鸟头体支1（CV1）包含：C. monotrema、C. pacificiensis、C. exfragminis、C. cheethami、C. biporosa，以及4个新种：C. pervagata、C. floridensis、C. colonensis和C. dominicana。具替代型鸟头体支2（CV2）包含：C. multesima、C. incognita，以及3个新种：C. collyrida、C. veracruxiensis和C. planissima。无替代型鸟头体支（CNV）包含：C. surinamensis、C. panamensis，以及1个新种C. gigas。各支内部物种的地层产出情况与支序图拓扑结构相符，但支间的假设支序关系与地层产出顺序相反：更为年轻的CNV支被推断为两个更古老支CV1和CV2的假想祖先。要解决这一明显矛盾，需采集更多早中新世至中中新世的杯孔苔虫属及盘孔苔虫属标本。