eshetu melese socio economics

he dataset was created by UNIFI-ICARDA aiming to list all the soil and water conservation and restoration interventions in the Badia region, in Jordan. All the interventions were georeferenced by using public domain remote sensing data: Google Earth, was the principal source of information, although the image coverage of GE for Badia is heterogeneous and some Badia areas are covered only by old images. In these areas, a cross evaluation was done using Bing Satellite Imagery, where it offered more recent images. The identified interventions are divided by categories: 58 dams, 203 tanks, 841 check dams, 51 contour structure interventions, 27 reforestation sites, 30 desert restorations, 115 spontaneous intervention. A dam is an artificial structure typically made of concrete or earth and built to inbound water, creating a permanent or semi-permanent basin along a main waterway to support agriculture in the surrounding area. A tank is an artificial water pond built by private or governmental initiative in order to collect and stock seasonal water flows for agricultural/animal husbandry purposes. Check dams are linear structures made of earth (sometimes rock, or concrete), built transversal to the stream flow in the ephemeral river bed, in order to to slow down the flow of water, to increase ground water recharge as well as for agricultural and anti-erosion purposes. Contour structures consist of linear micro-catchment interventions characterized by ridges and furrows traced along the contour lines, where drought tolerant shrubs species are planted in ridges to provide a source of fodder for livestock. They are divided in continuous and discontinuous type. Reforestation interventions consist of vast land works following the contour lines along the slopes, where vegetation was established. Desert restoration interventions includes three different type of interventions: proper desert restoration like dune fixation structures, afforestation interventions, and aquifer recharge structures. Spontaneous hydraulic interventions seem to be similar in purpose to check dams, although showing a more irregular structure and distribution pattern. These structures are often closely connected with other agricultural structures and probably linked to private initiative. The mapped dams and tanks were compared with two other datasets generated by the Jordan institutions: CAP database (list of Badia Restoration Program interventions) and the WAJ database (list of Jordan Valley Authority interventions), resulting in some correspondences, although the comparison was only partially possible because the available satellite images were in several cases too old, particularly in eastern Badia. In other cases, even in presence of recent images, the structures were not found (neither on GE nor on Bing), revealing possible errors of the coordinates indicated by the two datasets.

本数据集由UNIFI-ICARDA制作，旨在收录约旦巴迪亚（Badia）地区所有水土保持与修复工程举措。所有工程举措均通过公有领域遥感数据完成地理配准：谷歌地球（Google Earth）为主要信息来源，但巴迪亚地区的谷歌地球影像覆盖不均，部分区域仅能获取老旧影像。针对此类区域，研究团队使用必应卫星影像（Bing Satellite Imagery）开展交叉验证，该数据源可提供更新的影像资料。经识别的工程举措按类别划分为：58座拦水坝、203座蓄水池、841座谷坊、51处等高线结构工程、27处造林场地、30处荒漠修复工程以及115处自发性水利工程。拦水坝：通常由混凝土或土石构筑的人工构筑物，用于截留水体，在主河道沿线形成永久性或半永久性蓄水盆地，以支撑周边区域的农业生产。蓄水池：由私人或政府主导修建的人工水塘，用于收集并储存季节性径流，以服务农业或畜牧业生产。谷坊：由土石（有时为岩石或混凝土）构筑的线性构筑物，横跨季节性河道修建，用于减缓水流速度、提升地下水补给量，同时服务农业生产与水土保持（抗侵蚀）目标。等高线结构工程：属于线性微型集水工程，以沿等高线布设的垄沟为典型特征，在垄上种植耐旱灌木以作为牲畜饲料来源，该类工程分为连续型与非连续型两类。造林工程：指沿坡面等高线开展的大规模土地整治工程，用于营建植被。荒漠修复工程：包含三类不同的工程举措：沙丘固定结构等标准荒漠修复工程、造林工程以及含水层补给结构工程。自发性水利工程：功能与谷坊类似，但结构与分布格局更为不规则，此类构筑物通常与其他农业设施紧密结合，大概率为私人主导修建。本数据集已绘测的拦水坝与蓄水池，与约旦两家机构生成的另外两个数据集进行了比对：CAP数据库（巴迪亚修复工程清单）与WAJ数据库（约旦河谷管理局工程清单），二者存在部分对应关系，但由于可用卫星影像（尤其东巴迪亚区域）大多过于老旧，比对仅能部分开展。在部分场景中，即便拥有更新的影像，也未能识别到相关构筑物（谷歌地球与必应卫星影像均未检出），这表明上述两个数据集标注的坐标可能存在误差。