HERPETIC STOMATITIS: BIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND PROPHYLAXIS

Herpetic stomatitis is a common oral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), affecting a large portion of the global population, particularly children and young adults. During primary infection in children, the disease can manifest as severe gingivostomatitis, accompanied by high fever and painful oral ulcers. For immunocompromised patients, the infection carries a risk of serious complications, including dissemination to internal organs and the central nervous system. The disease leads to severe consequences not only for health but also socio-economically. It increases medical costs, causes absenteeism from work and school, and leads to nutritional and developmental problems in children. Current treatment is aimed only at suppressing the virus and cannot completely eliminate it from the body. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance, the lack of prophylactic vaccines, and the incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis necessitate new research. This article is dedicated to analyzing the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and prevention methods of herpetic stomatitis based on modern scientific data. It discusses the virus's replication mechanisms, immune response, various forms and complications of the disease, as well as individual and public health preventive measures. The article aims to provide useful knowledge and recommendations for clinicians in practice, aiding in early detection, correct diagnosis, and the organization of effective prevention strategies.疱疹性口炎（herpetic stomatitis）是一种由单纯疱疹病毒1型（herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1）引发的常见口腔感染性疾病，全球范围内有大量人群受累，尤以儿童与青年群体居多。儿童初次感染该病毒时，可表现为重症龈口炎，伴随高热与疼痛性口腔溃疡。对于免疫功能低下患者而言，该感染存在引发严重并发症的风险，包括病毒播散至内脏器官与中枢神经系统。该疾病不仅对患者健康造成严重危害，还会带来社会经济层面的负面影响：推高医疗成本、造成职场缺勤与学生旷课，并引发儿童的营养与发育问题。当前的治疗方案仅能实现病毒抑制，无法将病毒从体内彻底清除。此外，抗生素耐药性、预防性疫苗的缺失，以及对其发病机制的认知尚不完善，都亟需开展新的研究。本文旨在基于现代科学数据，剖析疱疹性口炎的发病机制、临床表现与防治方案，探讨该病毒的复制机制、宿主免疫应答、疾病的多种分型与并发症，同时涵盖个体防护与公共卫生层面的预防措施。本文旨在为临床从业者提供实用的专业知识与实践建议，助力其实现疾病的早期发现、精准诊断，并制定高效的预防策略。