North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Water Temperature Data - Sparkling Lake Raft 1989 - current

The instrumented raft on Sparkling Lake is equipped with a thermistor chain that measures water temperature from depths ranging from the surface to 18m at intervals from 0.5 to 3m throughout the water column. The surface temperature sensors are attached to floats so that they are as close to the surface as feasible. The raft on Sparkling Lake is also equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor and meteorological sensors that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, evaporation rates, and lake metabolism. Estimating the flux of solutes to and from lakes requires accurate water budgets. Evaporation rates are a critical component of the water budget of lakes. Data from the instrumented raft on Sparkling Lake includes micrometeorological parameters from which evaporation can be calculated. Raft measurements of relative humidity and air temperature (2 m height), wind velocity (1, 2, and 3 m heights), and water temperatures are combined with measurements of total long-wave and short-wave radiation data from a nearby shore station to determine evaporation by the energy budget technique. Comparable evaporation estimates from mass transfer techniques are calibrated against energy budget estimates to produce a lake-specific mass transfer coefficient for use in estimating evaporation rates Sampling Frequency: one minute; averaged to hourly and daily values as well as higher resolution values such as 2 min and 10 min. Number of sites: 1

闪光湖（Sparkling Lake）上加装观测仪器的浮筏配备了热敏电阻链（thermistor chain），可在整个水体中从表层至18米深度范围内，以0.5至3米的间隔测量水温。表层水温传感器固定于浮体之上，以尽可能贴近水体表层。该浮筏还搭载了溶解氧传感器（dissolved oxygen sensor）与气象传感器（meteorological sensors），可提供湖泊热结构、气象状况、蒸发速率及湖泊代谢等基础研究数据。估算湖泊溶质通量需依托精准的水量收支数据，而蒸发速率是湖泊水量收支的核心组成部分。闪光湖加装观测仪器的浮筏采集的数据包含微气象参数（micrometeorological parameters），可用于蒸发速率的计算。浮筏获取的相对湿度、2米高度气温、1米、2米及3米高度风速与水温数据，结合附近岸基站点测得的总长波与短波辐射数据，可通过能量收支法（energy budget technique）计算蒸发量。通过传质技术（mass transfer techniques）得到的蒸发估算结果，将以能量收支法的估算结果为基准进行校准，从而得到适配该湖泊的专属传质系数（mass transfer coefficient），用于后续蒸发速率的估算工作。采样频率为1分钟；数据可被整合为小时级、日级均值，同时也可生成2分钟、10分钟等高分辨率时段数据。本次监测的点位数量为1个。