Mechanistic Investigation of β-Galactosidase-Activated MR Contrast Agents

We report a mechanistic investigation of an isomeric series of β-galactosidase-activated magnetic resonance contrast
agents. Our strategy focuses on the synthesis of macrocyclic caged-complexes that coordinatively saturate a chelated
lanthanide. Enzyme cleavage of the complex results in an open coordination site available for water that creates
a detectable MR contrast agent. The complexes consist of a DO3A Gd(III) chelator modified with a galactopyranose
at the N-10 position of the macrocycle. We observed significant differences in relaxometric properties and coordination
geometry that can be correlated to subtle variations of the linker between the macrocycle and the galactopyranose.
After synthesis and purification of the R, S, and racemic mixtures of complexes 1 and 3 and measurement of the
hydration number, water residence lifetime, and longitudinal relaxation rates, we propose mechanisms for water
exclusion from the lanthanide in the precleavage state. While the stereochemistry of the linker does not influence
the agents' properties, the mechanism of water exclusion for each isomer is significantly influenced by the position
of modification. Data for one series with a methyl group substituted on the sugar-macrocycle linker at the α-position
suggests a steric mechanism where the galactopyranose sugar blocks water from the Gd(III) center. In contrast,
our observations for a second series with methyl substitution at the β position of the sugar-macrocycle linker are
consistent with a mechanism in which a bidentate anion occupies two available coordination sites of Gd(III) in the
precleavage state.