Genetic and environmental effects on morphological traits of social phenotypes in wasps

Many species exhibit distinct phenotypic classes, such as sexes in dioecious species or castes in social species. The evolution of these classes is affected by the genetic architecture governing traits shared between phenotypes. However, estimates of the genetic and environmental factors contributing to phenotypic variation in distinct classes have rarely been examined. We studied the genetic architecture underlying morphological traits in phenotypic classes in the social wasp Vespula maculifrons. Our data revealed patriline effects on a few traits, indicating weak genetic influences on caste phenotypic variation. Interestingly, traits exhibited higher heritability in queens than workers. This result suggests that genetic variation has a stronger influence on trait variation in the queen caste than the worker caste, which is unexpected because queens typically experience direct selection. Moreover, estimates of heritability for traits were correlated between the castes, indicating that ..., , , # Genetic effects and caste conflict in social phenotypes of wasps

## Description of the Data and file structure

This data is found in four forms: (1) excel sheet of raw data for genotypes and phenotypes, (2) zip folder of image files, and (3) R code for heritability estimates, and (4) excel sheet of data for heritability estimates in R.

The excel sheet includes raw data for the genotypes and phenotypes of the wasps used in this study. The first sheet contains all morphological data and the data columns are described below. Any missing data was from a wasp that had a missing part that could not be measured. Consequently, if all 13 traits were not measured for a single wasp, principal component analysis could not be performed. The second sheet contains all genotyping data from fragment analysis of 6 highly variable microsatellite markers. Missing data denotes that it could not be scored confidently. Further, individuals that could not be confidently assigned to a patriline were remove...

许多物种存在清晰可辨的表型类群（phenotypic classes），例如雌雄异株物种的性别，以及社会性物种的品级（castes）。这类类群的演化受到调控不同表型间共有性状的遗传架构（genetic architecture）的影响。然而，针对不同表型类群中导致表型变异的遗传与环境因素的估算研究却极为匮乏。本研究以社会性黄蜂黄边胡蜂（Vespula maculifrons）为对象，解析了其表型类群下形态性状的遗传架构。研究数据显示，父系谱系效应（patriline effects）对部分性状存在显著影响，表明遗传因素对黄蜂品级表型变异的作用较弱。值得注意的是，蜂王（queens）的性状遗传力（heritability）显著高于工蜂（workers）。这一结果表明，遗传变异对蜂王品级的性状变异的调控强度高于工蜂品级，这与学界普遍认知相悖——通常蜂王会直接受到选择压力的作用。此外，不同品级间的性状遗传力估算值存在相关性，这表明……
# 黄蜂社会表型中的遗传效应与品级冲突

## 数据与文件结构说明
本数据集包含四种形式：(1) 包含基因型与表型原始数据的Excel工作表（Excel sheet）；(2) 图像文件压缩包；(3) 用于遗传力估算的R代码（R code）；(4) 用于R语言遗传力估算的结果数据表。
该Excel工作表包含本研究所用黄蜂的基因型与表型原始数据。第一个工作表收录全部形态学数据，各数据列的说明如下：缺失数据源于黄蜂相关部位缺损无法测量的个体。因此，若单只黄蜂的全部13项性状均未被测量，则无法对其开展主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis）。第二个工作表收录基于6个高多态性微卫星标记（microsatellite markers）的片段分析所得的全部基因分型数据，缺失数据代表无法可靠判读分型结果。此外，无法被可靠归至某一父系谱系的个体已被移除……