THE LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON OF PROPER NOUNS TRANSITIONING INTO COMMON NOUNS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

The transition of proper nouns into common nouns, known as appellativization or deonymization, represents a significant lexical and semantic process in language development. This phenomenon reflects socio-cultural influence, technological advancement, and cognitive mechanisms underlying categorization and metaphorization. The present study investigates the linguistic features, mechanisms, and functional aspects of proper nouns transitioning into common nouns in English and Uzbek languages. A comparative analysis reveals both universal and language-specific tendencies in morphological adaptation, semantic shift, and pragmatic usage. The research demonstrates that deonymization is driven by metonymy, metaphor, frequency of usage, and socio-cultural salience. The findings contribute to lexical semantics, onomastics, and cross-linguistic studies.专有名词向普通名词的转变，即通名化（appellativization）与专名普通化（deonymization），是语言发展进程中一项关键的词汇与语义演变过程。该现象折射出社会文化影响、技术进步，以及支撑范畴化与隐喻化的认知机制。本研究针对英语与乌兹别克语中专有名词向普通名词转化的语言特征、运作机制与功能维度展开系统性考察。对比分析结果显示，在形态适配、语义演变与语用使用层面，既存在跨语言的普遍趋势，也存在各语言独有的特征倾向。研究表明，专名普通化的驱动因素涵盖转喻、隐喻、使用频次以及社会文化显著性。本研究成果可为词汇语义学、专名学以及跨语言研究贡献学术价值。