Data from: A meta-analysis of non-consumptive predator effects in arthropods: the influence of organismal and environmental characteristics

Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) – changes in prey behavior or physiology in response to predator threat – are common and can be as strong as consumptive effects. However, our knowledge of NCEs in arthropod systems is lacking. Factors related to study organism and environment have the potential to influence the occurrence and magnitude of NCEs in arthropod systems. While factors such as coevolutionary history of natural enemies and their prey, predator cue, predator or prey feeding mode, and refuge availability have been theoretically and empirically examined, no trends have been proposed for arthropods. We compiled 62 studies, yielding 128 predator-prey interactions, which explicitly examined NCEs in experiments where arthropods were identified to species, using a previously published database of papers from 1990 to 2005 and a new database of papers published from 2006 to 2015. Using these data, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the influence of organismal and environmental characteristics on the magnitude of predator NCEs. Our analysis addressed the following questions: (1) Does predator-prey coevolution give rise to stronger NCEs than when predator and prey species did not coevolve? (2) What influence does habitat type and refuge availability have on NCEs? (3) How do predator characteristics (cue type, hunting mode, and life stage) and prey characteristics (mobility, life stage, specialization, gregariousness, and feeding mode) influence NCEs? We found that while NCEs were similar across most measured characteristics, NCEs on prey activity were significantly stronger when predator and prey shared an evolutionary history. Our results support growing evidence that NCEs have a negative effect on prey traits and that behavioral NCEs are stronger than physiological ones. Additional studies are needed to be confident in any emerging patterns, therefore we identify key gaps in the literature on NCEs in arthropod systems and discuss ideas for moving forward. 42

非消耗性效应（Non-consumptive effects, NCEs）指猎物因感知捕食者威胁而发生的行为或生理变化——这类效应普遍存在，其强度可与捕食消耗效应（consumptive effects）相当。然而，目前学界对节肢动物（arthropods）系统中非消耗性效应的认知仍存在显著不足。与研究生物及环境相关的诸多因素，均可能影响节肢动物系统中非消耗性效应的发生与强度。尽管天敌与猎物的协同进化历史、捕食者信号（predator cue）、捕食者或猎物的取食模式以及庇护所可获得性等因素，已在理论和实证层面得到考察，但目前尚未针对节肢动物提出相关规律。
本研究整合了1990年至2005年的公开文献数据库，以及2006年至2015年新建的文献数据库中的62项相关研究，共计涵盖128组捕食者-猎物相互作用（predator-prey interactions）案例；这些研究均在物种水平鉴定节肢动物的实验框架下，对非消耗性效应开展了直接检验。基于上述数据，本研究通过元分析（meta-analysis），探究生物与环境特征对捕食者非消耗性效应强度的调控作用。本元分析围绕以下三个核心研究问题展开：（1）相较于捕食者与猎物未经历协同进化的组合，二者的协同进化历史是否会增强非消耗性效应的强度？（2）生境类型与庇护所可获得性对非消耗性效应存在何种调控作用？（3）捕食者特征（包括信号类型、捕猎模式与生活史阶段）与猎物特征（包括活动性、生活史阶段、食性特化程度、群居性与取食模式）如何影响非消耗性效应的强度？
研究结果表明，尽管多数测量特征下非消耗性效应的强度并无显著差异，但当捕食者与猎物共享协同进化历史时，针对猎物活动性的非消耗性效应强度显著更高。本研究结果佐证了日益增多的学术证据：非消耗性效应对猎物性状存在负面影响，且行为层面的非消耗性效应强度显著高于生理层面的非消耗性效应。目前仍需开展更多研究以明确已浮现的相关规律，因此本研究梳理了节肢动物系统中非消耗性效应相关文献的关键研究空白，并对后续研究方向展开了讨论。（页码：42）